Nephosthe weather behind the paintings

An open reproduction licence has not been established. Nephos’s visual reading uses a captioned press reproduction, linked below.

Open the object record at PAAM

Oil on panel, 12 × 15 inches. Gift of the Helen and Napi Van Dereck Estate, 2025. PAAM, 3282.058.Pa25.

A study against the weather record

Margery Austen Ryerson

Commercial Street, Provincetown

1911 · Provincetown Art Association and Museum · 3282.058.Pa25

Nephos reads a sunlit street in a leafy season. What does the weather record reveal about the summer around it?

27 / 62mornings with little cloud at Blue Hill during July–August 1911. Regional light recurred; the painted day is unknown.

Regional light recursPainted day unknown

The recordsSee the captioned reproduction

The Nephos method

How this study was read

The method in full

  1. What is written

    PAAM dates the panel to 1911; Quinn dates Ryerson’s first Cape Cod summer to that year. A contemporary report fixes the school session, not her attendance dates. Nephos reads the press reproduction as a sunlit street in a leafy season.

  2. Records of those days

    • Provincetown daily recordNOAA USC00196676, about 5.2 km from Town Hall. Rain flags retained; presumed zeroes are unknown, not observed dry days.
    • Blue Hill daily cloud and monthly sunshineSummit observations near Boston, about 78.5 km from Provincetown Town Hall. Printed daily 8 a.m. cloud and monthly Campbell–Stokes sunshine; a separate regional record.
    • Then and now at Blue Hill1911 daily temperatures and NOAA 1991–2020 monthly normals for USC00190736. No station pooling or Provincetown successor splice.

    Not found or not yet searched

    • The painted day and Ryerson’s exact arrival/departure remain unknown.
    • No verified local cloud series or 1911 Advocate weather passage was recovered; the checked online newspaper year list omits 1911.
    • Open reproduction rights and a work-specific account of alterations remain unresolved.

  3. Each claim tested

    • How often did low-cloud mornings recur in the regional record during the two full school months? 27 of 62 mornings had at most two tenths cloud at Blue Hill. Bright conditions recur in both months; the painting cannot be assigned to any of them.
    • Does a sunnier month mean no rain? Blue Hill recorded 62% of possible sunshine in July and 53% in August. Provincetown has 12 quantified rain entries and 2 traces in those two months; these are separate places and different measures.
    • Can this identify a painted day or a heatwave scene? No. Cast shadows support direct light; they do not measure heat, and the regional cloud record cannot date this panel.

  4. Verdict

    A sunny street belongs within a changeable summer. Regional light records make the sunlit reading plausible without turning it into a dated weather report.

    • Partially agreesRecurring opportunities for direct light in the regional school-season record The defined proxy occurs on 27/62 mornings; monthly sunshine supplies a separate measure at the same observatory.
    • UnknownWeather agreement at the painted street and hour The scene’s date is unknown and Blue Hill is regional.

What this cannot tell you. July–August are the two full months within the school session of July 1–September 1, not documented execution dates. An 8 a.m. low-cloud reading is not a whole clear day. Sunshine duration is measured at Blue Hill, not at the street. The 1991–2020 comparison is descriptive, not a climate trend estimated from this painting.

Step 1 · Look at the picture

Sunlight, colour and a leafy street

Nephos’s reading of the picture, not a museum statement: a sunlit, apparently dry street in a leafy season, plausibly summer. Pale façades stand against broad blue-violet cast shadows across the road. Blue sky appears above the roofs; green foliage, pale clothing and brimmed hats support a warm-season association. The road reads as matte rather than puddled or reflective, a weaker clue than the shadows. The small sky patch does not establish a cloudless day, and the clothing cannot tell us the temperature.

We inspected the captioned reproduction in a 2022 ptownie feature on the Van Dereck collection. Its artist, title, date, medium and dimensions match PAAM’s record: Margery Austen Ryerson, Commercial Street, Provincetown, 1911, oil on panel, 12 × 15 inches, object 3282.058.Pa25. This is a press image, not an accession-linked museum master. An open reproduction licence has not been established; view it at the publisher.

Karen E. Quinn’s biography states: “In 1911, Ryerson began spending summers on Cape Cod.” A contemporary U.S. Bureau of Education report lists Hawthorne’s Cape Cod School of Art session as July 1–September 1, 1911. It describes the instruction as “Painting from landscape, still life, and the figure—indoors and out.” The table names Hawthorne as director, distinguishing his school from Webster’s nearby school.

The comparison uses July–August, the two complete months within that session. June appears only as wider summer context. These are school dates, not Ryerson’s established arrival and departure or this panel’s execution dates. Her first Cape Cod summer is documented to the year; an exact arrival day has not been found. PAAM’s catalogue year remains the object’s documentary date. Its record notes a signature on the back without transcribing it.

Step 2 · Test the sunlit reading

Bright mornings recur in both school months

The cast shadows make direct sunlight the useful question. How often did low-cloud mornings recur during the school months? We count the Blue Hill summit’s 8 a.m. cloud readings at or below two tenths of the sky. That is a stated proxy for opportunities for direct light, not a claim that a small cloud could not cover the sun. It also misses sunny breaks later in the day. The evening readings are retained in the table but do not enter the test.

27 of 62 mornings meet that rule: 16 in July and 11 in August. Tightening the rule to zero cloud still leaves 17 mornings across the two months. The Campbell–Stokes recorder provides a different measure at the same observatory: 278.0 hours of bright sunshine in July (62% of possible) and 219.7 hours in August (53%). This establishes recurring regional brightness rather than an unrelieved grey season.

The separation matters. Provincetown’s historical station is about 5.2 km from Town Hall on Commercial Street; Blue Hill, near Boston, is about 78.5 km away. Neither is the painting’s identified viewpoint. This Provincetown record is not a Highland Light record. The test supports the seasonal plausibility of our reading; it cannot verify sunshine on Commercial Street at the painted hour.

Light, temperature and rain during July–August 191127 of 62 Blue Hill 8 a.m. readings have no more than two tenths cloud, marked with a dot. Daily high temperatures at Provincetown and Blue Hill occupy separate lines. Local rain bars show measured amounts; T is trace and × is missing presumed zero. A dashed line marks the July 28 gale report’s event date, not a painting date. All plotted values follow in the table.TWO FULL MONTHS WITHIN HAWTHORNE’S SCHOOL SESSION · 1911July · 16 low-cloud morningsBlue Hill bright sunshine: 62% of possibleAugust · 11 low-cloud morningsBlue Hill bright sunshine: 53% of possibleBLUE HILL · CLOUD AT 8 A.M. · TENTHS OF SKY05101 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/102 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/103 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 7/104 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 1/105 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/106 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/107 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 8/108 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/109 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 1/1010 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1011 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1012 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 3/1013 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1014 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1015 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1016 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 7/1017 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/1018 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 2/1019 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1020 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/1021 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/1022 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/1023 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1024 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1025 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1026 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 1/1027 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 6/1028 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1029 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 8/1030 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1031 July: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 1/101 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 2/102 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/103 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/104 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 7/105 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/106 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/107 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/108 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/109 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1010 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1011 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 7/1012 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 1/1013 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 2/1014 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1015 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 3/1016 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1017 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 9/1018 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 3/1019 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 2/1020 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1021 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1022 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 0/1023 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 2/1024 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 3/1025 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1026 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1027 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1028 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1029 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1030 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/1031 August: Blue Hill 8 a.m. cloud 10/10Dot: ≤2/10 cloud at one hour; not a whole clear day10203040DAILY HIGH · °CProvincetownBlue Hill · separate regional stationPROVINCETOWN · MEASURED RAIN · mm03060×1××××5×7 July: Provincetown 9.4 mm×××10×××××15××××T20T××24 July: Provincetown 16.5 mm×25××28 July: Provincetown 57.4 mm×30 July: Provincetown 1.3 mm×31×1××××5×××××10×××××1516 August: Provincetown 10.9 mm××××20××××25 August: Provincetown 16.0 mm2526 August: Provincetown 9.1 mm27 August: Provincetown 27.9 mm28 August: Provincetown 1.3 mm29 August: Provincetown 6.6 mm30 August: Provincetown 3.0 mm31 August: Provincetown 31.0 mm3157.4 mm · 28 JulyT = trace · × = missing presumed zero, not an observed dry dayThe dashed event line is context for the newspaper witness. No day is assigned to the painting.
Three measures, two places. Cloud readings and the dashed temperature line belong to Blue Hill; the solid temperature line and rain bars belong to Provincetown. Dates are the archives’ labels. No station average or painting-date shortlist is made.
Every plotted day, with the retained evening cloud reading
July–August 1911. Cloud in tenths; daily highs in °C; precipitation in mm. P means missing presumed zero, retained as unknown. Provincetown’s observation boundary is unresolved. Blue Hill’s printed extrema and rain columns are headed 8 p.m.
DateBlue Hill cloud
8 a.m.		Blue Hill cloud
8 p.m.		Provincetown
high		Blue Hill
high		Provincetown
rain
1 July0326.730.0Unknown (P)
2 July9129.434.4Unknown (P)
3 July7629.437.2Unknown (P)
4 July1626.737.2Unknown (P)
5 July0828.936.7Unknown (P)
6 July01028.336.7Unknown (P)
7 July8023.324.49.4
8 July0026.128.3Unknown (P)
9 July1426.732.8Unknown (P)
10 July0333.937.2Unknown (P)
11 July0232.236.7Unknown (P)
12 July3832.234.4Unknown (P)
13 July0233.930.6Unknown (P)
14 July10626.725.6Unknown (P)
15 July0726.728.9Unknown (P)
16 July7226.130.0Unknown (P)
17 July91024.424.4Unknown (P)
18 July2726.729.4Unknown (P)
19 July0326.727.8Unknown (P)
20 July9926.727.2Trace
21 July9823.924.4Trace
22 July9026.728.3Unknown (P)
23 July01027.827.8Unknown (P)
24 July101024.423.916.5
25 July0024.424.4Unknown (P)
26 July1123.925.6Unknown (P)
27 July6922.824.4Unknown (P)
28 July101020.618.357.4
29 July8923.923.9Unknown (P)
30 July10725.024.41.3
31 July1629.430.6Unknown (P)
1 August21025.626.1Unknown (P)
2 August10821.117.8Unknown (P)
3 August10020.022.2Unknown (P)
4 August7022.223.9Unknown (P)
5 August91021.122.8Unknown (P)
6 August101021.121.7Unknown (P)
7 August10020.625.0Unknown (P)
8 August10221.125.6Unknown (P)
9 August10722.224.4Unknown (P)
10 August0427.232.2Unknown (P)
11 August71027.826.7Unknown (P)
12 August1625.625.6Unknown (P)
13 August2125.627.8Unknown (P)
14 August0026.730.6Unknown (P)
15 August31027.831.1Unknown (P)
16 August0026.725.610.9
17 August9126.128.3Unknown (P)
18 August31026.728.3Unknown (P)
19 August2023.922.2Unknown (P)
20 August0024.423.3Unknown (P)
21 August0025.625.6Unknown (P)
22 August0023.324.4Unknown (P)
23 August21026.730.6Unknown (P)
24 August31022.221.7Unknown (P)
25 August101018.316.116.0
26 August101020.621.79.1
27 August101017.816.727.9
28 August101026.125.61.3
29 August10926.122.86.6
30 August101017.215.03.0
31 August101015.613.931.0

The original definitions keep the measures distinct. A published “clear day” uses hourly cloud observations from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.; our morning count does not reproduce that daily classification. Bright sunshine records sufficient direct light to burn a Campbell–Stokes card. The historical calculation of possible sunshine subtracts thirty minutes per day for the low sun near the horizon.

Step 3 · Hear the season’s witnesses

The same summer brought a destructive gale

Provincetown’s largest measured summer rain entry is 57.4 mm on 28 July. A Provincetown dispatch dated July 30, printed in the Daily Kennebec Journal on July 31, reports four local fishermen lost and damaged vessels returning after the previous Friday’s gale. It describes one returning crew as:

“with every one of the crew only too thankful to get home alive.”

Daily Kennebec Journal, “Four Provincetown Men Lost,” July 31, 1911, p. 1

The report concerns vessels and offshore losses; it is not an eyewitness account of this street. Its Friday is July 28. The gauge and the dispatch put a substantial rain entry and a reported coastal disaster on the same date, without reconstructing hourly conditions or claiming that Ryerson witnessed either. We retain the newspaper’s report without adopting its storm terminology as a modern meteorological classification.

Across July–August, the local file contains 12 positive rain entries and 2 traces. Its other 48 entries carry NOAA’s missing-presumed-zero flag. They stay unknown: no observed dry-day count or complete local rain total is claimed. A daily rain entry would not by itself rule out a sunlit interval earlier or later.

The broader June–August local temperature record is complete: mean daily highs 23.9 °C, lows 15.3 °C, and a maximum of 33.9 °C on 10 July and 13 July. Those hot days remain context, not candidate dates selected for the painting.

The Provincetown Public Library’s digitized newspaper year list omits 1911. No 1911 Provincetown Advocate weather note or Ryerson weather letter was verified in this search. That is a retrieval gap, not a claim that none survives. The school report and the Provincetown-datelined dispatch are the contemporary witnesses used here.

Step 4 · Then and now; what the painting selects

A hot July did not make every summer day hot

A modern comparison is possible at Blue Hill alone. The 1911 daily series and NOAA’s 1991–2020 normals share station identifier USC00190736. July’s mean daily high was 29.2 °C, 1.6 °C above the modern July normal; August’s was 24.0 °C, 2.7 °C below its modern normal. A single summer could alternate between a hot month and a cooler one. The painting’s brightness cannot tell us which it represents.

Blue Hill only. Monthly mean daily low / high, °C. June is wider context; July–August are the comparison months.
Month1911 low / high1991–2020 normal
low / high		High departure, °C
June12.6 / 22.114.2 / 24.1-2.0
July17.8 / 29.217.7 / 27.6+1.6
August14.5 / 24.017.0 / 26.8-2.7

The normal is a processed climate product, whereas the historical values here retain the daily archive’s quality flags. This is a descriptive comparison, not a homogenized estimate of climate change. There is no modern normal for the painted street in this study, and no local successor station has been joined to the old Provincetown file.

What Ryerson chose: in Nephos’s reading, the broad pale wall and diagonal bands of shadow make colour contrast structure the busy street; the small figures and touches of red and blue punctuate it. Quinn describes Hawthorne’s emphasis on colour relations and Ryerson’s response in other Cape Cod works. That is useful teaching context, not evidence that this panel was a class exercise or that Ryerson altered its weather. No matched sketch, letter or technical examination establishes what she changed.

The finding: the picture presents a bright interval within a season that had recurring regional sunshine, local rain and a reported coastal gale. Its light is worth reading as evidence; its exact day remains unknown. A photograph or transcription of the reverse, the catalogue’s basis for 1911 and work-linked correspondence could make the next test more specific.

Source scans, manually checked transcriptions and derived values are identified separately in the receipts below. Hash checks establish reproducibility, not independent validation of the instruments or the visual interpretation.

Sources

Every source on this page

Each file was downloaded and given a fingerprint (its sha256). The page is rebuilt from these files and will not build if a fingerprint changes, so every number above comes from them rather than being typed in.

  1. PAAM, Commercial Street, Provincetown, object 3282.058.Pa25Museum catalogue; short factual excerpts; image licence not established · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Cached web-tool extraction, not downloaded HTML; direct HTML request returned HTTP 403.sha256 372792a9ac2abc885a82509314796f1d92ea7869123a3d45170fe60b90377ab7
  2. PAAM, Van Dereck Collection: Part II, checklistMuseum publication; source verification only · retrieved 7 October 2026 · PDF page 6: object caption; the illustrated street scene on that page is by Pauline Palmer, not Ryerson.sha256 923537a796daf1a80c18b6477a4bfdbce38af85258d6685cd8134c5297c7e692
  3. Karen E. Quinn, Margery Ryerson: Art Is Contagious (NYSM, 2025)Copyright NYSED; short quotation and paraphrase · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Printed p. 11 / PDF p. 17, visually inspected. Descriptions of other pictures are not transferred to this panel.sha256 f4a4776bd93d0c6a70e186508b08aee846465cffea9c4e179ce77848b9fad01d
  4. Text extraction of Quinn, Margery Ryerson: Art Is ContagiousSame rights as source PDF · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Local pdftotext extraction; quote checked against rendered p. 11.sha256 c751c7963561a8c4b3915590432231be762c51890a941c399da6f81e0e4f2187
  5. NOAA NCEI, GHCN-Daily USC00196676, Provincetown 3 NWNOAA public data; credit NOAA/NCEI · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Station series, not a measurement at the painting’s viewpoint. Measurement, quality and source flags retained.sha256 edfa7779bc3a9cdaa7467b5e0d135ef3be79febe8af1b5b613fc452fbfe4496f
  6. NOAA NCEI, GHCN-Daily format and flag definitionsNOAA public data documentation · retrieved 7 October 2026 · P means missing presumed zero; T means trace. Nonblank quality flags excluded.sha256 0e4e6f0e6947cf1add884c328a01760f31c56ef5fb86b85ed57dd5dc4c4aeaa6
  7. NOAA NCEI, HOMR station history queried for 1 July 1911NOAA public station metadata · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Use location.latLonPairs, not the header’s latest coordinates. Historical position recorded to whole arcminutes; observation hour not supplied.sha256 86eb9542631d6e89001eadd8c5199976f312a53b4449b6902ccf30f11c3734e9
  8. OpenStreetMap, Provincetown Town Hall, 260 Commercial StreetODbL 1.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors · retrieved 7 October 2026 · Town-centre distance reference only; the painting’s precise viewpoint is unknown.sha256 f50a78d79dc7a0c156988a86966bcd5ca72c5c7be58307e82c4b50893b72feab
  9. Provincetown Public Library digital newspaper archiveArchive interface retained for source verification · retrieved 7 October 2026 · The available-year list includes 1914, 1917 and 1918 but not 1911; this does not mean that 1911 newspapers do not survive.sha256 1b68020424ef1c5d613b252ebad074239511107daf744ca881907c5af699ffbd
  10. ptownie, Napi Van Dereck – The Way It Used To WasPress article; factual caption and source identification only · retrieved 8 October 2026 · 2022 feature: caption matches artist, title, 1911, oil on panel, 12 × 15 inches; not a PAAM digital master.sha256 51f25b4e212a2ae5c253a41a7f88dcb865481c75c205dda829157b0d584dd4c4
  11. Ryerson press reproduction, as captioned by ptownieOpen licence not established; expressly requested research inspection only, no public image asset · retrieved 8 October 2026 · 1200 × 1007 pixels. Nephos visual reading tied to this capture; whole reproduction inspected.sha256 b311f86b1603116b343f718a7cd581d44bf64006ebde334f0b0557a8f7c5f1e6
  12. U.S. Bureau of Education, Summer schools in 1911U.S. government report, public domain · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Printed p. 1141 / PDF p. 17, course; Table 2, pp. 1168–1169 / PDF pp. 44–45, column headings and row 150. Session 1911: July 1–September 1.sha256 58b3179a01a18326193101bc7f2e4926caba9d47add3acf1ee3743169408858d
  13. NOAA NCEI, GHCN-Daily USC00190736, Blue Hill COOPNOAA public data; credit NOAA/NCEI · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Snapshot copied byte-for-byte from the existing research cache; daily temperature and precipitation, kept separate from Provincetown.sha256 ce49b9a5d0e91d2f0193f4621f7df6438fe2089993706827d36b86df2235dd07
  14. NOAA NCEI, Blue Hill history queried for 1911NOAA public station metadata · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Summit station, distinct from Boston City, Blue Hill LCD, and the Blue Hill base and valley records.sha256 2c4665dcd00957996602b3b967a77b379a886520947ee2d553a785fd99d0547a
  15. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 911915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. Title page; observations 1911–1914.sha256 0af8de0068ac1198de0b0206b7085859ca6ad2f609ead3dbc54f551576715b53
  16. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 931915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. Contents.sha256 75b4c54b10fd0c785a05f5f25a427b8c34e4688d2d76f0535816106c557552d8
  17. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 951915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. Introduction.sha256 04028d6f4fb6e1e67fd61b80e5e2e94fff4724cb354f8b7262001ea972c3e73a
  18. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 991915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. Cloud classes, observing hours and Campbell–Stokes sunshine definition.sha256 4d489150ba489e9b1d38d66fea7ec1673d791d208f6a21cf46214104cae17528
  19. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1071915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. June 1911 daily table.sha256 e446d1af1252893be2fac247da40efe0349b5c9b34c3350b8fca532380c235e1
  20. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1081915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. July 1911 daily table.sha256 03460997102132cdd448ab54c650d2b03f54d3382e040638109f81530d5e0703
  21. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1091915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. August 1911 daily table.sha256 466496061840c0c632a244cf3dd374927c659461014d188dfd84952569678efd
  22. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1101915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. September 1911 daily table; not used to assign an execution date.sha256 9055062d6ad78f177ca5090700e505e9a86b9ad2427b642d59f117addd536534
  23. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1141915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. 1911 summit coordinates and temperature summary.sha256 457ed02a27e46ed00f71d2fe5ca34b6b2a9240ac091781171e18d2f1e45849ff
  24. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1151915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. 1911 monthly cloud and precipitation summary.sha256 b4855414ef6ff97573a5cce2e325fd1f497591d09df45116c36a975ca1c06783
  25. Blue Hill observations, Harvard Annals 73, part II (1915), p. 1161915 publication, public domain; scan courtesy NASA ADS / John G. Wolbach Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Original printed page image. 1911 monthly bright-sunshine hours and percent of possible.sha256 088ce929718e959a799433ba5c51a08850323bb6f3a996ea5154fd74703e2d73
  26. NOAA, Blue Hill COOP 1991–2020 monthly normalsNOAA public data · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CSV standard units, °F to 0.1; TMAX/TMIN normals converted to °C. Completeness flags and years retained. No Provincetown successor spliced.sha256 539bebd47a069b90ecb9084e5d7356f93dab8b09485c34389a48623565a3dd5c
  27. NOAA, 1991–2020 monthly normals documentationNOAA public documentation · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Section III.C, units. Historical daily data and processed modern normals are not a homogenized climate-trend estimate.sha256 b12c9aee6770f84b5fa902740413bffca5cbf9a83bbebcf7e73306f46168ffc6
  28. Daily Kennebec Journal, 31 July 1911, p. 11911 U.S. newspaper, public domain; LOC / Maine State Library · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Column 5, Four Provincetown Men Lost. Provincetown dateline July 30, referring to Friday July 28. Receipt hashes LOC IIIF 3000-pixel scan, not the holder HTML.sha256 5535a91cb304656ab76b5d075cb7ce53f2baf323ed47af63e6e5b9b35b6bd71a
  29. LOC text-service response for Daily Kennebec Journal, 31 July 19111911 U.S. newspaper, public domain · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Despite filename suffix, provider returned JSON full_text. Exact short quotation checked against the page image, not accepted from OCR alone.sha256 4e149fa9811b087eed01650b7522313593c72458992f0eeb020f53797b97a1d1
  30. Nephos, scan-checked Ryerson revision transcriptionNephos transcription of public-domain sources; visual reading is our interpretation · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Derived file, not a download: daily cloud integers, monthly sunshine, school dates, witness and image reading. Each field cites the original scan; scan receipts are separate.sha256 a01aacb32d7b7f6a3d8ccbe2f45c0980d25edbf2b002cca2a29dbc93b50e8263

The numbers on this page, as JSONThe method card, as JSON