Nephosthe weather behind the paintings
Kensett’s Rondout Creek: a reflective pool, cattle, rocky wooded slopes and a bare tree beneath a pale sky; photographed in its frame.
John Frederick Kensett, Rondout Creek, 1862. Oil on canvas, 15 × 24 inches. New Britain Museum of American Art, Charles F. Smith Fund, 1945.1. Photograph by Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

A study against the weather record

John Frederick Kensett

Rondout Creek

1862 · New Britain Museum of American Art, 1945.1 · Charles F. Smith Fund

The museum connects this quiet pool to a summer sketching trip and suggests it was painted on site. What survives of that summer’s regional weather?

70of 92 afternoon observations labelled Fair at West Point. A regional summer record; the day and sky at Kensett’s creek remain unknown.

Regional summer contextPainted day unknown

The recordsThe museum’s painting

The Nephos method

How this study was read

The method in full

  1. What is written

    The dated signature establishes the year. NBMAA associates the picture with a summer sketching trip and suggests on-site execution from its handling. Neither source dates a painting session. June–August supplies seasonal context.

  2. Records of those days

    Not found or not yet searched

    • No dated Kensett letter, sketch annotation or newspaper item inspected fixes a Rondout painting session.
    • The exact creek viewpoint, local sky, wind and water level remain unknown. No comparable modern category series has been verified.

  3. Each claim tested

    • Does the museum establish a summer day? It establishes a summer-trip attribution and transcribes a year. The proposed on-site execution remains a stylistic judgment.
    • Was fair weather recurrent at the regional observer? At 2 p.m., 70 entries are Fair and 22 Cloudy, among 92 observations. Fair is the observer’s category, not measured sunshine.
    • Can these entries test the painting’s quiet pool or light? No. An undated picture at an unlocated creek viewpoint cannot be matched to a West Point observation. No alteration of the weather by Kensett is established.

  4. Verdict

    West Point supplies a complete seasonal sequence of weather labels. The painting’s particular sky and water remain unknown.

    • UnknownThe painted day and sky No session date or local weather observation links the picture to the register.
    • UnknownWhat Kensett may have changed The museum describes deliberate composition; the record does not establish an observed sky for comparison.

What this cannot tell you. The June–August boundaries are a declared convention, not an itinerary. Fair and Cloudy are sampled descriptions, not whole-day or creek conditions. The archive is not quality controlled. No rainfall total, water-level estimate, historical rarity rank or climate trend is inferred.

The painting and its making

A summer trip, an undated pool

Kensett’s Rondout Creek belongs to the New Britain Museum of American Art. The current catalogue gives 1862, oil on canvas, 15 × 24 inches, Charles F. Smith Fund, accession 1945.1. The older artist essay gives 1945.10; the current object record supplies the number used here.

The museum’s essay, signed JD, transcribes the dated initials and connects the painting to a summer 1862 trip through Nyack, Kingston, Catskill and the Adirondacks. Its suggestion of painting on site rests on the handling and light. No dated session or preparatory sketch inspected fixes a day at the creek.

The museum treats the pool, trees, rocks and cattle as parts of a deliberately ordered landscape. Nephos’s visual reading is of sheltered, reflective water beneath a light sky. That is an interpretation of the picture, not a thermometer, a measure of cloud or evidence of a rainless summer.

The window below is 1 June–31 August 1862: a declared calendar convention for the museum’s summer-trip attribution. It does not claim that Kensett was at Rondout throughout those months or that these dates bound the painting’s execution.

The regional record

Fair at one observing hour

West Point’s Army register supplies weather labels at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. on every date. The chart keeps those hours separate. West Point is a different Hudson Valley locality south of Rondout. The exact viewpoint in the painting has not been identified, so no precise distance to the easel is asserted.

West Point’s summer 1862 weather labels, at three observing hoursEach square is one observation: dark blue means Fair, pale ochre means Cloudy. Rows keep 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. separate. All 276 entries survive. At 2 p.m., 70 are Fair and 22 Cloudy. These are West Point descriptions, not a reconstruction of weather at Rondout.June 18627 a.m.1 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy2 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair3 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy4 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy5 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy6 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair7 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair8 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy9 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair10 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair11 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair12 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair13 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair14 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy15 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair16 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair17 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair18 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair19 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy20 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy21 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair22 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair23 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair24 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy25 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy26 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair27 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair28 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair29 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair30 June 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy2 p.m.1 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy2 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair3 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair4 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy5 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair6 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair7 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair8 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy9 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair10 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair11 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair12 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair13 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair14 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair15 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair16 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair17 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair18 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair19 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair20 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair21 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair22 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair23 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair24 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy25 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy26 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair27 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair28 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair29 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair30 June 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy9 p.m.1 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy2 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy3 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy4 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy5 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair6 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair7 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy8 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair9 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair10 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair11 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair12 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair13 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair14 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy15 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair16 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair17 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy18 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy19 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair20 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair21 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair22 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair23 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy24 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy25 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair26 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair27 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair28 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair29 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy30 June 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair151015202530July 18627 a.m.1 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair2 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy3 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair4 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair5 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair6 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair7 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair8 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair9 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair10 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair11 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair12 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair13 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair14 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair15 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair16 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair17 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy18 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair19 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair20 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy21 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair22 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair23 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy24 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy25 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy26 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair27 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair28 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair29 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair30 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair31 July 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair2 p.m.1 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair2 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy3 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair4 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair5 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair6 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair7 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair8 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair9 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair10 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair11 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair12 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair13 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair14 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair15 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair16 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair17 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair18 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair19 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair20 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair21 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy22 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy23 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy24 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy25 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy26 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair27 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy28 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair29 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy30 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy31 July 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair9 p.m.1 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair2 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy3 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair4 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair5 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair6 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair7 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy8 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair9 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair10 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair11 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair12 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair13 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair14 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy15 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair16 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair17 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy18 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy19 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair20 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair21 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy22 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy23 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy24 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy25 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair26 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair27 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy28 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair29 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy30 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy31 July 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair15101520253031August 18627 a.m.1 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair2 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair3 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair4 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair5 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair6 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair7 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair8 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair9 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair10 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair11 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair12 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair13 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair14 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair15 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair16 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy17 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair18 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair19 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair20 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair21 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair22 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy23 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy24 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair25 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair26 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair27 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair28 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair29 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair30 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Cloudy31 August 1862 at 7 a.m.: Fair2 p.m.1 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair2 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair3 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair4 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair5 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy6 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair7 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair8 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair9 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair10 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair11 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair12 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair13 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair14 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair15 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair16 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy17 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy18 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair19 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair20 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy21 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair22 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy23 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair24 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair25 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair26 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair27 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair28 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy29 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair30 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Fair31 August 1862 at 2 p.m.: Cloudy9 p.m.1 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair2 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair3 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair4 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair5 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy6 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair7 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair8 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair9 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy10 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair11 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair12 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair13 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair14 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair15 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair16 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair17 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair18 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair19 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair20 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy21 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy22 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair23 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair24 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair25 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair26 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy27 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair28 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Fair29 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy30 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy31 August 1862 at 9 p.m.: Cloudy15101520253031Fair (code 17)Cloudy (code 3)
West Point, June–August 1862, keyed by MRCC from the U.S. Army forms. Fair is code 17; Cloudy is code 3. Fair does not mean the sky was cloudless. Neither category establishes sunshine duration. The full season contains no missing weather labels at these hours.
Fair entries / available entries at each hour. These are observation counts, not counts of fair days.
Month7 a.m.2 p.m.9 p.m.
June19 / 3024 / 3019 / 30
July25 / 3122 / 3119 / 31
August27 / 3124 / 3123 / 31
June–August71 / 9270 / 9261 / 92
Inspect every weather label
Observer’s categories, at the printed local hours. Original forms are the source of the keyed data.
Date, 18627 a.m.2 p.m.9 p.m.Source
1 JuneCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
2 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
3 JuneCloudyFairCloudyOriginal form
4 JuneCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
5 JuneCloudyFairFairOriginal form
6 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
7 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
8 JuneCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
9 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
10 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
11 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
12 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
13 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
14 JuneCloudyFairCloudyOriginal form
15 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
16 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
17 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
18 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
19 JuneCloudyFairFairOriginal form
20 JuneCloudyFairFairOriginal form
21 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
22 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
23 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
24 JuneCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
25 JuneCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
26 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
27 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
28 JuneFairFairFairOriginal form
29 JuneFairFairCloudyOriginal form
30 JuneCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
1 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
2 JulyCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
3 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
4 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
5 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
6 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
7 JulyFairFairCloudyOriginal form
8 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
9 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
10 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
11 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
12 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
13 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
14 JulyFairFairCloudyOriginal form
15 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
16 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
17 JulyCloudyFairCloudyOriginal form
18 JulyFairFairCloudyOriginal form
19 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
20 JulyCloudyFairFairOriginal form
21 JulyFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
22 JulyFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
23 JulyCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
24 JulyCloudyCloudyCloudyOriginal form
25 JulyCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
26 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
27 JulyFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
28 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
29 JulyFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
30 JulyFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
31 JulyFairFairFairOriginal form
1 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
2 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
3 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
4 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
5 AugustFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
6 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
7 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
8 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
9 AugustFairFairCloudyOriginal form
10 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
11 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
12 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
13 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
14 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
15 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
16 AugustCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
17 AugustFairCloudyFairOriginal form
18 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
19 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
20 AugustFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form
21 AugustFairFairCloudyOriginal form
22 AugustCloudyCloudyFairOriginal form
23 AugustCloudyFairFairOriginal form
24 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
25 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
26 AugustFairFairCloudyOriginal form
27 AugustFairFairFairOriginal form
28 AugustFairCloudyFairOriginal form
29 AugustFairFairCloudyOriginal form
30 AugustCloudyFairCloudyOriginal form
31 AugustFairCloudyCloudyOriginal form

What survives, and what it means

A complete column can still have limits

The MRCC quality-control table marks West Point as not quality controlled. Blank flags on these entries do not overturn that status. Original June, July and August forms were opened and spot-checked; the daily categories have not been independently rekeyed. The digital file and scans are two forms of the same record.

The format manual, Table D, distinguishes Fair from Clear. A label describes one observing time. It does not certify the intervening hours, the absence of a shower, or conditions at the creek. The counts show that the observer repeatedly recorded fair conditions in this summer; they cannot identify a painting session.

The working file also contains event-based rain entries and monthly summaries. Missing daily rain entries are not turned into zeros. No rainfall total or creek-flow estimate is calculated here. No long-term rank or modern normal is supplied: a comparable sequence of observer categories, sites and observing practices has not been established.

Return to the picture

The creek and the port

The Hudson River Maritime Museum’s 1998 account describes the port’s growth after the Delaware and Hudson Canal opened in 1828. Rondout remained a separate town until it joined Kingston in 1872. Kensett’s 1862 picture belongs within that working-waterway history, although the painting’s exact reach of the creek is unresolved.

A sheltered pool and a busy port can belong to the same waterway. The picture’s quietness is a choice of subject and composition, not evidence that traffic or industry was absent. Nothing in this study establishes that Kensett removed a vessel, changed the weather, or made the water calmer than he found it.

The museum’s suggestion of on-site work remains possible. Testing it against a particular sky would require a dated sketch, letter or other session record and evidence closer to the identified viewpoint. Until then, the register gives seasonal context; the painted day and water remain unknown.

Sources

Every source on this page

Each file was downloaded and given a fingerprint (its sha256). The page is rebuilt from these files and will not build if a fingerprint changes, so every number above comes from them rather than being typed in.

  1. New Britain Museum of American Art, Rondout Creek, object 141Museum catalogue metadata; short factual citation. Modern prose retains copyright. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Current object record: 1862; accession 1945.1; Charles F. Smith Fund.sha256 4d46a20b6f731d3f1c80f74fb97db0b69e6ba0014dd25f0db150bd1ea683b7d3
  2. NBMAA, John Frederick Kensett: signed JD, Rondout Creek catalogue essayCopyright NBMAA; short excerpts and factual paraphrase only. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Rondout Creek section: inscription, summer 1862 itinerary, and qualified on-site attribution. Older accession 1945.10 differs from current object record.sha256 91c511e57daefa16e545325d53695b4161e012558b1a0f4e6cf98185c015387e
  3. NBMAA, Rights and ReproductionsCopyright NBMAA; short policy quotation. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Museum image permission route; not an open licence. This study uses a separate CC0 photograph.sha256 d4baa2024b51a4fdcef511f42f3fe80bf02445e57835ccb21f6c2f5475cfbbc1
  4. West Point, daily U.S. Army meteorological register, keyed by MRCCPublic-domain historical U.S. Army observations via NOAA/CDMP and MRCC; credit MRCC. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Station 30929299; STWX at 07/14/21 h, June–August 1862. Final working 3200 file, not quality controlled; trailing scan IDs retained.sha256 e82ee7845b4d402f8670003df82e2ee2b08bce3f0a7a4a1469633f143990dc00
  5. NOAA/MRCC, DSI-3297 format, version 1.1 (March 2010)U.S. government documentation, public domain. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · PDF pp. 7–9: variable-length rows; pp. 22–23: Table D, weather codes 3 and 17. Daily/3200 access instructions identify this format.sha256 3ade954c6c3f982ce8ab390f776f17cee7dce1b884e33e955a32a780db5a7cdf
  6. MRCC, CDMP FORTS data access and limitationsProvider documentation; short factual citation. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · 3200 files are final working versions; documentation link and warning about variable quality control, sites, instruments and schedules.sha256 883047e072a9815ea6267ca81f8c4efb3916c23887306585c0fc565f852e6a01
  7. MRCC, Station Quality Control StatusProvider documentation; factual station status. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · NY, West_Point: all displayed QC/availability columns NO. Blank individual flags do not establish quality control.sha256 0d856f250f14833374dc866c4c1b125387f9e79a0e29e3840d4f72d9a40d369f
  8. NOAA NCEI, historical form index for summer 1862U.S. government public data. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Filter results to StationID 309292, WEST POINT: one Rouses Point result is an unrelated returned record. Coordinates are catalogue location, not proof of instrument exposure.sha256 6fccbcb6e9848ba4e70e1428a2489ea2332c9c9386c9491c69cbd74d44c6828b
  9. U.S. Army, West Point meteorological register, 1862-08Public-domain U.S. Army document; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · CL-876 / AE08463 / image 00255; weather columns at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. Main forms opened; digital classifications spot-checked, not independently rekeyed.sha256 d62372217a76999d12f4e7e6ce96f18d9345291d5d09f5e89c45173750c72098
  10. U.S. Army, West Point meteorological register, 1862-06Public-domain U.S. Army document; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · CL-876 / AE08463 / image 00251; weather columns at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. Main forms opened; digital classifications spot-checked, not independently rekeyed.sha256 6da44abf07f758b374d43f624c3236e6bca03a0d579aa8d9d2b2617cc94aa971
  11. U.S. Army, West Point meteorological register, 1862-07Public-domain U.S. Army document; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · CL-876 / AE08463 / image 00253; weather columns at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. Main forms opened; digital classifications spot-checked, not independently rekeyed.sha256 a8c52068409e43294f38072cd1baf8279d9e29a6c8c69e6eccf3870935de3bbd
  12. Hudson River Maritime Museum, Rondout: Hudson River Port 1850–1950, The Log (1998)Copyright Hudson River Maritime Museum; brief factual paraphrase and short quotation. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Printed p. 33 / PDF p. 2, visually inspected. Canal opened 1828; Rondout joined Kingston in 1872. No historical image is reproduced from this PDF.sha256 9355cafb40f30b96de90f1695c69a349acb42c42616e831f75c8dec6c0737d7c
  13. Daderot, Rondout Creek photograph: Commons description and CC0 declarationCC0 1.0 photograph; artwork identified as public domain on the file page. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Own work, Daderot; file page identifies Kensett, 1862, NBMAA. The photographer dedicates the reproduction to CC0 independently of the museum image policy.sha256 8b928997a6c8f4bc8aa7e21bb07e452226a5c1173b941ad0e928cb78e225e35a
  14. Daderot, Kensett, Rondout Creek, museum photographCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication by photographer Daderot. · retrieved 15 October 2026 · Original 4829 × 3005 photograph including frame; display and editor files only resized and JPEG-encoded. No recoloring, enhancement or generative changes.sha256 d9ecc717a8168683a4e57cd5fe9645330bd9c0943db477573ae5f8eaac74ca6f

The numbers on this page, as JSONThe method card, as JSON