Nephosthe weather behind the paintings

An openly licensed reproduction has not been verified. View the painting through the Long Island Museum’s object record.

Open Clamming at Shelter Island

Frank Myers Boggs, Clamming at Shelter Island, 1878. Oil on canvas, 15¾ × 26 in. Long Island Museum. Painting not reproduced; the weather document below is public domain.

A study against the weather record

Frank Myers Boggs

Clamming at Shelter Island

1878 · Long Island Museum · Museum purchase, 1996 · Accession unconfirmed

Breaking water, pitching boats, men working long clam rakes. How often did strong wind occur in the warmer months of 1878?

15Confirmed strong-wind days at Moriches, May–October 1878, out of 184. The painting day is unknown.

Regional wind testedPainted day unknown

The recordsThe museum’s object record

The Nephos method

How this study was read

The method in full

  1. What is written

    The museum supplies the year and subject. Nephos reads the breaking crests, spray, tilted boats, long rakes and shirtsleeves as a windy warm-season working scene. That reading defines a May–October test window, not an execution date.

  2. Records of those days

    Not found or not yet searched

    • No dated sitting, preparatory study or documented studio reworking has been verified.
    • No local Shelter Island wind, tide or wave observation is linked to this canvas.
    • The museum accession is unconfirmed in the opened holder records; no open image reproduction licence is verified.

  3. Each claim tested

    • Does the visually proposed warm season include recurring strong wind? Moriches records strong wind on at least 15 of 184 May–October 1878 days (8.2%), with 11 of those days in May or October. This supports recurring regional strong wind within Nephos’s warm-season reading; it does not identify the painted day or count the clammers’ rough-water days.
    • How sensitive is the tally to qualified and unreadable entries? 15 confirmed days; including every unresolved day would give 17 of 184 (9.2%). This bounds the sampled record only, not gusts between observations.
    • Is there a usable modern seasonal comparison? At one modern station, 452 of 3,065 complete dates (14.7%) reach 6.8 m/s at one of three fixed EST hours. The different sites and observing methods prevent a climate-trend inference.

  4. Verdict

    Moriches records strong wind on at least 15 of 184 May–October 1878 days (8.2%), with 11 of those days in May or October. This supports recurring regional strong wind within Nephos’s warm-season reading; it does not identify the painted day or count the clammers’ rough-water days.

    • Partially agreesStrong wind recurs in the proposed season The threshold is defined by the form and counted over the full proposed season. This verdict concerns regional occurrence only.
    • UnknownDocumentary season The warm-season scene is Nephos’s visual reading; no documentary month or day is established.
    • UnknownLocal water and painted day Moriches is regional; wind alone does not determine a bay’s waves or a sitting.

What this cannot tell you. The comparison window is a test of the visual hypothesis, not evidence of a six-month visit. Estimated force is not Beaufort force or a measured wind speed. Three readings can miss brief squalls. Qualifiers and unreadable cells remain explicit. No blanket calm or dry-day filling is used. Gabreski uses another site, instruments and time convention; the modern percentage cannot establish a wind trend since 1878. Newspaper archive access failed; this is not evidence that reports do not survive. Child’s 1884 account describes general practice, not alterations to this canvas. Daily force readings were manually transcribed and reread against the original scans.

Step 1 · Read the picture

Work continues in breaking water

Nephos’s reading of the picture, not a museum statement: Rough, breaking water and flying spray, a heavy grey sky, men in shirtsleeves working long clam rakes from small boats that are pitching in the waves: a warm-season day with strong wind and rough water.

The white, breaking crests, splashes beside the hulls, tilted boats and braced bodies make the water’s movement visible. The workers’ light shirts and exposed arms make a warm-season reading plausible. A bright cloud opening interrupts the darker sky; the large white shape above the horizon should not be mistaken for the height of the spray. Clothing is a clue to a season, not a thermometer or a calendar. This reading sets the question for the records: how often did strong wind occur in the warmer part of the museum’s year?

The museum’s account identifies African American men gathering clams with long-handled basket rakes from rowboats off Shelter Island. The object record calls the water “turbulent waters”. Their work supplies the stakes of the comparison: wind matters to a person standing in a small boat and working a long tool. Neither the rakes nor the title supplies a low tide, an exact shore or a date.

Step 2 · Test the warm-season reading

Strong wind on at least 15 days

Moriches records definite strong wind on 15 of 184 days from May through October 1878 (8.2%). 11 of those days fall in May or October. That is recurring wind strong enough to matter to small-boat work, concentrated toward the edges of the proposed season. It supports the plausibility of the picture’s weather within that season; it does not show that most warm-season days looked like this.

The test uses all days in the window, chosen from the visual hypothesis before selecting any weather event. At each day’s three printed hours, we ask whether the observer entered force 4 or higher. The form’s own key calls 4 Strong wind. These are estimated categories on a historical 0–10 scale, not Beaufort numbers. A day qualifies if any of its readings clearly meets the threshold; it need not have been windy all day.

Strong wind in the warm season: Moriches, 187815 of 184 days have a definite force 4 or higher entry. 2 days have unreadable cells. Each square is one calendar day, May through October. Red squares mark strong wind. A question mark marks an unresolved day. The circle on 12 May marks the written squall note. A full table follows.One square = one day · three observations per dayConfirmed151015202531May6 / 311878-05-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-05-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 1.1878-05-03: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 4, 3, 3.1878-05-04: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 5−, 3−.1878-05-05: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 4, 4, 1−.1878-05-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-05-07: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 1.1878-05-08: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-05-09: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2−, 1−, 0.1878-05-10: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 3, 0.1878-05-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3−, 1.1878-05-12: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 4+, 0.12 May · squalls recorded1878-05-13: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3−, 0.1878-05-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-05-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 2+.1878-05-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 3−, 1−.1878-05-17: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2+, 1.1878-05-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1−, 0.1878-05-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1+, 2+, 1−.1878-05-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 2+, 3.1878-05-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-05-22: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 4, 2.1878-05-23: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3+, 4, 0.1878-05-24: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-05-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 1−.1878-05-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2−, 1−.1878-05-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2+, 0.1878-05-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3+, 1.1878-05-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-05-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 2+.1878-05-31: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 0+, 3+.Jun1 / 301878-06-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 3, 2−.1878-06-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 0+.1878-06-03: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-06-04: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 2+.1878-06-05: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2, 2+.1878-06-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3−, 3−, 0.1878-06-07: unresolved. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, unreadable, unreadable.?1878-06-08: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 4, 1.1878-06-09: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 0.1878-06-10: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 1−.1878-06-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-06-12: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2+, 0.1878-06-13: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-06-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0+.1878-06-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2, 1.1878-06-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3−, 3−.1878-06-17: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 1−, 1.1878-06-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1−, 0.1878-06-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 0.1878-06-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1+, 2, 0.1878-06-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2−, 2, 2+.1878-06-22: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 2, 0.1878-06-23: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 1−.1878-06-24: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3−, 2.1878-06-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 3, 0.1878-06-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 0.1878-06-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2, 0.1878-06-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-06-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-06-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.Jul0 / 311878-07-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2+, 0.1878-07-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2, 0.1878-07-03: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 3+, 2+.1878-07-04: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-07-05: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-07-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-07-07: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1+, 0.1878-07-08: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 1.1878-07-09: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 3+, 2−.1878-07-10: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 3, 2.1878-07-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 1−.1878-07-12: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 0, 0.1878-07-13: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-07-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 2+.1878-07-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3, 3.1878-07-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2−, 0.1878-07-17: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 2+.1878-07-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2−, 0.1878-07-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1, 0.1878-07-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1+, 1, 0.1878-07-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2−, 0.1878-07-22: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3, 2.1878-07-23: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 2, 0+.1878-07-24: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-07-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 3−.1878-07-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 3, 1.1878-07-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3+, 1, 0.1878-07-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 0.1878-07-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2, 0.1878-07-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2−, 0+, 2.1878-07-31: unresolved. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, unreadable, 0.?Aug2 / 311878-08-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 1.1878-08-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3, 0.1878-08-03: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2−, 0.1878-08-04: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1, 0.1878-08-05: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-08-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2+, 0.1878-08-07: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2, 1+.1878-08-08: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 4, 3−.1878-08-09: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3+, 5, 1.1878-08-10: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1, 0.1878-08-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 1.1878-08-12: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 3−, 0.1878-08-13: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-08-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2−, 0.1878-08-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 0+, 1.1878-08-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1, 3.1878-08-17: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1+, 2.1878-08-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2−, 1.1878-08-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 0, 1−.1878-08-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2, 0.1878-08-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-08-22: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 1, 0.1878-08-23: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-08-24: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2−, 1+, 1.1878-08-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 1−, 0.1878-08-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-08-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1−, 0.1878-08-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 0.1878-08-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1−, 0+.1878-08-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1, 0.1878-08-31: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2−, 2.Sep1 / 301878-09-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3, 2.1878-09-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2+, 2−.1878-09-03: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 3, 0.1878-09-04: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 2+, 3.1878-09-05: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 2, 1−.1878-09-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1, 0+.1878-09-07: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1, 1.1878-09-08: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3, 1−.1878-09-09: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2+, 1−.1878-09-10: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 4+, 3, 1−.1878-09-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3, 3−.1878-09-12: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1+, 2−, 0.1878-09-13: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3−, 3+, 3.1878-09-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3+, 2.1878-09-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 3, 0.1878-09-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2−, 0.1878-09-17: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2+, 1−.1878-09-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 0.1878-09-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2+, 0.1878-09-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2+, 3.1878-09-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 3, 0+.1878-09-22: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2+, 0.1878-09-23: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2−, 0.1878-09-24: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 2−, 0.1878-09-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2, 0+.1878-09-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2, 1.1878-09-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0−, 1+, 0.1878-09-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1+, 0+.1878-09-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1−, 0.1878-09-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1−, 0.Oct5 / 311878-10-01: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1, 0.1878-10-02: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 3, 2.1878-10-03: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1−, 1+, 0.1878-10-04: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 1, 0.1878-10-05: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 2−, 0.1878-10-06: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1+, 0.1878-10-07: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1−, 0.1878-10-08: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 2+, 0.1878-10-09: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2+, 4+, 3.1878-10-10: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 1, 0.1878-10-11: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 3+, 3+.1878-10-12: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 4, 3+.1878-10-13: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 4, 3, 0+.1878-10-14: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1, 0.1878-10-15: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0+, 3+, 3.1878-10-16: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 3, 2.1878-10-17: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 1, 4, 3+.1878-10-18: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2+, 1.1878-10-19: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 3, 3−.1878-10-20: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 3, 3, 2−.1878-10-21: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1, 0+.1878-10-22: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1, 1+.1878-10-23: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 1, 1.1878-10-24: strong. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 4, 4, 3.1878-10-25: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2−, 0.1878-10-26: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1+, 0.1878-10-27: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2−, 1.1878-10-28: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2, 2−, 0.1878-10-29: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 1+, 1.1878-10-30: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 2−, 2−, 0.1878-10-31: below. Force at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., 9 p.m.: 0, 2, 2.Strong wind (4 or above)? Unresolved readingBelow threshold at the three recorded hours; other times unobserved
Moriches Signal Service register, May–October 1878. Confirmed: 15; unresolved: 2. The marked squall is a Moriches observation, not a proposed painting date. Blank calendar positions after a month’s end are not missing observations.
The calendar in numbers. Counts are days, not individual observations.
1878Confirmed strongUnreadable dayCalendar days
May6031
June1130
July0131
August2031
September1030
October5031

The conservative tally excludes 2 days with unreadable cells. If every one of those days qualified, the total would be 17 of 184 (9.2%). This is a reading bound on the surviving samples, not an upper bound on windy days: gusts between the observation hours could be missed. Plus and minus signs are retained without inventing fractional speeds; a 5− is above the threshold, while a 3+ stays below it.

Moriches is about 47 km from the Shelter Island town reference point. How often did these clammers face water like the painting’s? The wind tally cannot supply that exact frequency. Fetch, the wind’s direction and duration, tidal currents and shelter affect waves. We count the regional weather ingredient the picture makes relevant; we do not transfer the station’s wind to every shore of Shelter Island.

Inspect all daily readings, qualifiers and strong-wind directions
Literal force entries in printed-hour order. Direction is transcribed for threshold and borderline observations only; bracketed wording describes a small directional qualifier without assigning degrees.
Date7 a.m.2 p.m.9 p.m.ClassificationDirection where relevant
1878-05-01020below—
1878-05-02021below—
1878-05-03433strong7 a.m.: S.W.
1878-05-0425−3−strong2 p.m.: S.W.
1878-05-05441−strong7 a.m.: S.E.; 2 p.m.: S.
1878-05-06020below—
1878-05-07121below—
1878-05-08110below—
1878-05-092−1−0below—
1878-05-101−30below—
1878-05-1113−1below—
1878-05-1234+0strong2 p.m.: N. [westerly qualifier]
1878-05-1323−0below—
1878-05-14120below—
1878-05-15112+below—
1878-05-1633−1−below—
1878-05-1702+1below—
1878-05-180+1−0below—
1878-05-191+2+1−below—
1878-05-202+2+3below—
1878-05-21110below—
1878-05-22342strong2 p.m.: N. [westerly qualifier]
1878-05-233+40strong2 p.m.: N.
1878-05-24020below—
1878-05-25121−below—
1878-05-2622−1−below—
1878-05-2722+0below—
1878-05-2813+1below—
1878-05-29110below—
1878-05-30112+below—
1878-05-3130+3+below—
1878-06-01332−below—
1878-06-02220+below—
1878-06-03120below—
1878-06-04022+below—
1878-06-050+22+below—
1878-06-063−3−0below—
1878-06-072UnreadableUnreadableunresolved—
1878-06-08241strong2 p.m.: S.S.E.
1878-06-09220below—
1878-06-1012−1−below—
1878-06-11110below—
1878-06-1212+0below—
1878-06-13120below—
1878-06-14120+below—
1878-06-151−21below—
1878-06-1623−3−below—
1878-06-1731−1below—
1878-06-1811−0below—
1878-06-19220below—
1878-06-201+20below—
1878-06-212−22+below—
1878-06-22320below—
1878-06-23221−below—
1878-06-2423−2below—
1878-06-252+30below—
1878-06-26220below—
1878-06-270+20below—
1878-06-28020below—
1878-06-29110below—
1878-06-30020below—
1878-07-010+2+0below—
1878-07-021−20below—
1878-07-031−3+2+below—
1878-07-04120below—
1878-07-05120below—
1878-07-06120below—
1878-07-0701+0below—
1878-07-0812−1below—
1878-07-092+3+2−below—
1878-07-102+32below—
1878-07-1112−1−below—
1878-07-12100below—
1878-07-13120below—
1878-07-14022+below—
1878-07-15133below—
1878-07-1622−0below—
1878-07-1712−2+below—
1878-07-1822−0below—
1878-07-191−10below—
1878-07-201+10below—
1878-07-211−2−0below—
1878-07-22232below—
1878-07-23320+below—
1878-07-24120below—
1878-07-25223−below—
1878-07-262+31below—
1878-07-273+10below—
1878-07-2812−0below—
1878-07-290+20below—
1878-07-302−0+2below—
1878-07-311Unreadable0unresolved—
1878-08-01121below—
1878-08-02130below—
1878-08-031−2−0below—
1878-08-040+10below—
1878-08-05120below—
1878-08-0612+0below—
1878-08-07221+below—
1878-08-08243−strong2 p.m.: S.W.
1878-08-093+51strong2 p.m.: S.W.
1878-08-101−10below—
1878-08-11021below—
1878-08-120+3−0below—
1878-08-13020below—
1878-08-1402−0below—
1878-08-150+0+1below—
1878-08-160+13below—
1878-08-171−1+2below—
1878-08-181−2−1below—
1878-08-190+01−below—
1878-08-200+20below—
1878-08-21120below—
1878-08-22110below—
1878-08-23120below—
1878-08-242−1+1below—
1878-08-2521−0below—
1878-08-26020below—
1878-08-2701−0below—
1878-08-28020below—
1878-08-291−1−0+below—
1878-08-30010below—
1878-08-3102−2below—
1878-09-01232below—
1878-09-0222+2−below—
1878-09-03030below—
1878-09-042+2+3below—
1878-09-052+21−below—
1878-09-060+10+below—
1878-09-071−11below—
1878-09-08131−below—
1878-09-0902+1−below—
1878-09-104+31−strong7 a.m.: N.E.
1878-09-11233−below—
1878-09-121+2−0below—
1878-09-133−3+3below—
1878-09-1413+2below—
1878-09-15130below—
1878-09-1602−0below—
1878-09-1702+1−below—
1878-09-18120below—
1878-09-1902+0below—
1878-09-2002+3below—
1878-09-21230+below—
1878-09-2222+0below—
1878-09-2312−0below—
1878-09-241−2−0below—
1878-09-250+20+below—
1878-09-26121below—
1878-09-270−1+0below—
1878-09-281−1+0+below—
1878-09-290+1−0below—
1878-09-3001−0below—
1878-10-01010below—
1878-10-021−32below—
1878-10-031−1+0below—
1878-10-040+10below—
1878-10-050+2−0below—
1878-10-0601+0below—
1878-10-0701−0below—
1878-10-0812+0below—
1878-10-092+4+3strong2 p.m.: S.S.W.
1878-10-10210below—
1878-10-110+3+3+below—
1878-10-12343+strong2 p.m.: N.
1878-10-13430+strong7 a.m.: N.N.W.
1878-10-14010below—
1878-10-150+3+3below—
1878-10-16032below—
1878-10-17143+strong2 p.m.: S. [westerly qualifier]
1878-10-1822+1below—
1878-10-19333−below—
1878-10-20332−below—
1878-10-21010+below—
1878-10-22011+below—
1878-10-23211below—
1878-10-24443strong7 a.m.: N.W.; 2 p.m.: N.W.
1878-10-2522−0below—
1878-10-2601+0below—
1878-10-2702−1below—
1878-10-2822−0below—
1878-10-2901+1below—
1878-10-302−2−0below—
1878-10-31022below—

Step 3 · Hear the contemporary witnesses

Squalls in the register, fishermen in the billows

On 12 May 1878, the supplementary Moriches remarks record:

“several light squalls with some rain fall”

Moriches Signal Service register, May 1878, supplementary remarks for the 12th, image 00131.

The daily sheet gives force 3 at 7 a.m., 4+ at 2 p.m., 0 at 9 p.m.. The written event and the wind columns describe change within a day. They show why a calm evening need not contradict earlier rough conditions. These are two parts of the same station record, not independent corroboration and not a date for Boggs’s canvas.

A second, independent kind of witness appeared in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in October 1878. The first-person travel account Around the Peconics describes a menhaden-fishing trip outside Montauk Point, where it was:

“frightfully rough after a two days’ easterly gale”

Around the Peconics, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, October 1878, p. 723

The writer then describes fishermen who:

“balanced themselves in their cockle-shells, and rose and sank with the huge billows”

Around the Peconics, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, October 1878, p. 723

This is a contemporary account of work continuing in difficult water on eastern Long Island’s coast. It gives an instructive parallel for the bodily skill Boggs makes visible. The boats were seining menhaden offshore, not raking clams at Shelter Island; the day of the trip is unstated. October is the publication date. No connection between the writer’s trip, the May squall or Boggs’s painting is asserted.

What the newspaper search established

The Sag Harbor Corrector and Long-Islander were pursued through their New York historic-newspaper interfaces. Both returned access errors, as did the Library of Congress newspaper-search controls. No issue-level gale or baymen passage from those papers was verified. That is an access limit, not evidence that no such reports survive. No artist’s letter or diary linking this canvas to a weather event was verified.

Step 4 · Then and now

A modern seasonal analogue, with the differences visible

At Gabreski Airport in Westhampton, about 34 km from the Shelter Island reference point, strong-wind conditions also recur in the warmer months. Across the 17 usable seasons, 2004–2020, 452 of 3,065 complete sampled days (14.7%) reach 6.8 metres per second, the first archived speed at or above 15 mph, at one of three selected hours. May and October again have the largest shares.

The Moriches form printed 15–29 mph beside its estimated strong-wind category. We use that lower edge only to define a modern reference threshold; we do not turn a historical force entry into a measured speed. The modern file stores tenths of a metre per second, so the threshold rounds upward to the first qualifying value. The modern sample uses 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. fixed Eastern Standard Time, matching the number and nominal hours of the old form. Historical local time and a modern hourly archive are not identical sampling systems. NOAA’s ISD-Lite documentation also notes that exact times are rounded and quality flags are omitted; this analysis adds completeness checks, not a new instrument-quality assessment.

Gabreski Airport, eligible modern seasons. Days reaching 6.8 m/s at a sampled hour; days missing any of the three speeds are excluded.
MonthThreshold daysComplete daysShare
May11252321.4%
June6850013.6%
July485159.3%
August305145.8%
September6249612.5%
October13251725.5%

The historical 8.2% and modern 14.7% do not establish an increase in wind. The station, exposure, instruments, reporting practices and time convention differ, and 1878 is a single year. The useful comparison is that strong wind remains part of the same seasonal working environment, with the largest sampled shares at its edges. It is not a homogeneous climate trend or a measurement of Shelter Island’s waves.

Why this is not labelled a 1991–2020 normal

We screened the single NOAA identifier 744865–14719 for 1991–2020. A season enters only if at least 90% of May–October dates have all three sampled wind speeds. The accepted seasons supply 3,065 of 3,128 possible dates. Earlier files have insufficient coverage, and 2000–2003 are unavailable under that identifier. The alternate identifier listed in the station history was not spliced in. This is a calculated regional analogue, not an official NOAA normal.

Complete three-hour dates in the proposed modern reference period
YearComplete datesDecision
1991157Excluded
1992152Excluded
1993146Excluded
1994147Excluded
1995133Excluded
199651Excluded
19971Excluded
199894Excluded
1999156Excluded
2000Source unavailableExcluded
2001Source unavailableExcluded
2002Source unavailableExcluded
2003Source unavailableExcluded
2004167Included
2005183Included
2006182Included
2007179Included
2008178Included
2009182Included
2010182Included
2011174Included
2012180Included
2013183Included
2014182Included
2015182Included
2016184Included
2017181Included
2018181Included
2019183Included
2020182Included

Step 5 · The artist’s choices and the remaining limits

A working sea, deliberately made visible

Nephos’s compositional reading: the repeated diagonals of rakes, boats and leaning bodies make labour and balance the picture’s action. The white crests set that work against a moving surface. These are choices visible in the finished picture; they are not evidence that Boggs enlarged actual waves or invented a storm.

“The artist has really seen his effect”

Theodore Child, The Art Amateur (August 1884), p. 54

Theodore Child’s 1884 profile praises Boggs’s observed effects and his “soft gray tones”. It supports a discussion of his interest in subdued marine weather. Child does not name this canvas or witness its making. No preparatory study, dated sitting or technical evidence of changes to this sky has been verified.

The holder’s 1878 date remains the documentary anchor. Child places Boggs in Paris in 1876 and painting marine subjects at Dieppe in 1877, before this picture, contrary to the museum web text’s training sequence. The museum’s 2022 catalogue dates his brief American return to 1878; the Met biography allows 1878 or 1879. The National Academy dataset lists a Paris street scene in 1879, not this canvas. None supplies a painting month, an outdoor session or an exhibition deadline for Clamming.

The surviving record shows recurring strong wind within the proposed season, giving the painted work a regional weather context. Exact wind at the scene, wave height, tide, temperature, painted day and alterations to the weather remain unresolved.

Retained rainfall context and original May sheet

The earlier study’s 10 reconciled monthly rain-and-melted-snow sums remain available. February and July are excluded because their entries have not been reconciled. These totals do not measure wind or waves; blank amount cells are not dry-day observations, and no annual total is published.

Moriches, 1878, precipitation in inches
MonthAccepted total
January6.08
FebruaryUnresolved
March3.09
April3.21
May4.51
June2.64
JulyUnresolved
August3.54
September0.57
October1.02
November4.67
December5.33
Moriches May 1878 weather sheet; the wind columns and historical force key are on its right.
NOAA NCEI, CL-859, image 00130. Public-domain federal record. The painting remains linked at its holder because no open reproduction licence was verified.

Sources

Every source on this page

Historical wind counts and rain sums use a transcription linked to the original scans by sha256 fingerprints; modern counts use fingerprinted NOAA files. Receipts distinguish downloads, extracted text and manually checked excerpts. A fingerprint preserves the evidence used; it does not independently establish a reading or historical claim.

  1. Long Island Museum, Google Arts & Culture object recordSource copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 75d8289116888f4efe48e75265a1e2daad0e9f70d75d8e2452651d75f71734c4
  2. Text extracted from the museum object recordSource copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 0f7c2cce037c47088faeddcea1230e1ad8df2a6a58978ee169d852992b297064Derived with the Python HTML parser; original HTML is separately fingerprinted.
  3. Jonathan Olly, Long Road to Freedom (Long Island Museum, 2022), p. 62Source copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Printed p. 62, PDF page 61; image and text inspected.sha256 8cbf6f05b524b30b5c40fb04574aee1b6a01a974fde8bbbf0f23230771bbaa4e
  4. Text extracted from Long Road to FreedomSource copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 628af0b192a4be10645d4390ea59a0b0b547df0bd23e4899a420521b2c8d1d1apdftotext -layout derivative; the PDF is separately fingerprinted.
  5. Long Island Museum, Edible EdenSource copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 a6600df337451a6c690e318aa893118960f79f0e9723688797724fce090d3198
  6. Doreen Bolger Burke, American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, III (1980), pp. 180–181Source copyright retained; research cache and short citation excerpts only, not an image licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Printed pp. 180–181, PDF pages 222–223; page images inspected. The PDF has no usable text layer.sha256 bc71c2f6761f8930eeee0daa9b9962147e1a9955137db08d06aa9e10f7b735ca
  7. Theodore Child, Frank Myers Boggs, The Art Amateur 11, no. 3 (August 1884), pp. 53–54Public-domain 1884 text; JSTOR Early Journal Content via Internet Archive. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · PDF pages 2–3; both page images inspected.sha256 a605d7e393794585867e8a4b53d826c00c481fcc9861f9b059f9071888b3bce3
  8. Internet Archive OCR of Theodore Child’s 1884 profilePublic-domain historical text. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 7e79f5eb6a50d5790c1adca2f7b63a30d77fe54629a8f20516a465942e4a8b56OCR is auxiliary; quotations used here were checked on the page images.
  9. T111 short, scan-checked art-historical excerptsResearch transcription; underlying sources retain their respective rights. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 00214c3e03e3342dcce9251f665a4e72cf52330bdc8af23c2ff70fb67095e900Each entry names its original PDF and sha256. Committed and cached copies must agree.
  10. Diana Greenwald, Historical American Art Exhibition Database, National Academy datasetCC0 1.0; repository licence. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · Sheet1, row 2249, Frank Myers Boggs, 1879, Street Scene in Paris.sha256 491b941abfdc87c7f67b877eb81abac34954d5ffb415289fcab1bbfb7e63ca6bModern transcription, not direct inspection of the 1879 exhibition catalogue. It does not identify this canvas.
  11. Painting by Numbers dataset licenceCC0 1.0 · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 a2010f343487d3f7618affe54f789f5487602331c0a8d03f49e9a7c547cf0499
  12. Painting by Numbers dataset documentationCC0 1.0 · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 118645bc74f2435702996a57caa94bf83930769dc0bf420b23d7b6a97932d85d
  13. Extracted National Academy rows containing BoggsCC0 1.0 · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 452462feb07f0f9082205f85d752678634d5e338ec79303119a0e2dea24bcde6Derived using xlrd 2.0.2; contains both matching and rejected names. Accepted artist_name_regular must equal BOGGS, Frank Myers.
  14. NOAA NCEI index, Moriches records overlapping 1878Public-domain US federal records; credit NOAA NCEI. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 0bf24c4cd4f9f480fea213f759b82109eb01674d04ef47d01fc4345d012743e8
  15. OpenStreetMap, Town of Shelter Island administrative representative pointODbL 1.0, © OpenStreetMap contributors. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 d95dec014e4aa2480efdfc6193bcfad6bf5ee34e755a3cd3e7dd3e81ab9439efTown representative point, not an identified painting viewpoint or shore.
  16. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-01Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00122sha256 2ddbf2cb7ba69189bbcdb15f2782fc848801af23d8b7fca89aaaec685d0dcf12
  17. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-02Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00124sha256 3f881ff3e35bf2727710fbfa873bf8ee7c22559c02455568f6c8e44d89501d09
  18. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-03Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00126sha256 7364b89d26058defddb6104491d5d608db973af9960c72a1a97236a4d1871541
  19. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-04Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00128sha256 24b4f71e44b1594705d8945d5c317f9a83f1ffe595d8e2574ba7f67913f423cc
  20. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-05Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00130sha256 6000f05d87f77b9f84b627e8452eb4ff0db889247e7aeb29987e8cbcc579db53
  21. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-05Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00131sha256 d284ab607aa12b3514f473b4134677da585527020edab6d4a6294bbfa2dd806f
  22. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-06Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00132sha256 ca269a69d02a1f20ff6d0290ecc568ac185ab50353844a23b172d5c405da10df
  23. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-07Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00134sha256 074e924a3460cbdb1570354b6941a45c380593db082eb678b73fb36ffbeb4081
  24. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-08Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00136sha256 874dd27ccf7931e12959efcad87b084e700aa02f1da953e21eaa565a02dff314
  25. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-08Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00137sha256 83b5d835062ed25f2183f8d52f64ee8f6ef08e78c0e000f1e8cae3a8f6ba6fd3
  26. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-09Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00138sha256 1d1cd41854770bf13a100309d7ee8cb9f1a771609b74a5abd42eba0597e4c87b
  27. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-10Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00140sha256 08be6fb9d84407bb6770e21ab058f8c11625d05778715755cf873a0d98418f35
  28. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-11Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00142sha256 8c38a322d038a68c75488c38b9582949ef11cc37ed6966c53d785a6563b24524
  29. Moriches Signal Service register, 1878-12Public-domain US federal historical record; NOAA NCEI scan. · retrieved 8 October 2026 · CL-859, image 00144sha256 ae2726413490a1584cefa781822f747ed1de33fc60fdea6ca0b4790ec1140174
  30. T111 scan-checked Moriches transcriptionNephos transcription of public-domain observations. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 a5b4e8363599be6c611a9dc8b6b82fa3eebc8aa5ab08c40880915582bba5edb8Committed evidence copy must equal this hash-checked cache copy; every row identifies its source scan.
  31. T123 Moriches wind transcription, May–October 1878Nephos transcription of public-domain US Signal Service records. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 bf45071b8b28041b76dad9b46cc72d53f68228bab449189f2d2ffd105d23b96c184 days at three printed hours; plus/minus qualifiers and unreadable cells retained. Each month is tied to its scan fingerprint.
  32. NOAA ISD-Lite, Gabreski Airport, 1991–2020 source inventoryPublic-domain NOAA data. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 6307cbe82be4d94573acdd2bb9efe35d1e06f0e650921231842130d097710145Every successfully downloaded annual file has its own URL and sha256 in the study data. Failed years remain explicit; only sufficiently complete seasons enter the modern comparison.
  33. NOAA ISD-Lite format documentationPublic-domain NOAA documentation. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 f51222ec9c1aa3d5058637107b6de23710493588ae9acbdfaf9aa93b8dbbe0ceWind is in tenths of metres per second; −9999 is missing; timestamps are UTC.
  34. NOAA ISD station historyPublic-domain NOAA station metadata. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 1994747ab4af1b97e63adb434b4d0d022f2daee76f0c144ea9ab46be2d906604Gabreski Airport, USAF 744865 / WBAN 14719. Archive metadata are not a history of instrument exposure.
  35. Museum image inspected for the T123 visual readingNo open reproduction licence verified; research viewing only, expressly requested in this brief. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 c7f16af83ff1f905c41bbb43471234cd4ae45fa725f5e527ac4bae719afeff0cCached supplied image for inspection; not copied to site assets or displayed on this page.
  36. Around the Peconics, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (October 1878), pp. 710–730Public-domain 1878 publication. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 7f837ca8f48d232c6673c6845aa35070b3b9965b560a27323a159d42901d6c32Original p. 723 inspected as a scan; the narrated fishing day is not dated. Menhaden fishermen outside Montauk, not clammers off Shelter Island.
  37. T123 scan-checked contemporary witness excerptsNephos transcription of public-domain text. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 be45822c97851d0dbd0b71d07f45dba0345f50e364e66cd6724ceb8bbbd684beCommitted evidence matches the cached transcription; quotations checked against the passage, linked to the original PDF fingerprint.
  38. NOAA ISD-Lite technical document (20 June 2006)Public-domain NOAA documentation. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 90c5dcef0c1302e19b7d8469151dc840cbedf6d382dae5d152f0907aa549ff41Hourly selection window and duplicate removal; exact timestamps and quality flags not preserved in ISD-Lite. No additional quality control is claimed.
  39. NOAA Integrated Surface Data full format documentationPublic-domain NOAA documentation. · retrieved 8 October 2026sha256 1be604b08b5f7c2429e6aef178ff8893019c234bc7bc51bfb7ec1e16a6682f04Documents the UTC time basis of the underlying archive.

The numbers on this page, as JSONThe method card, as JSON