{
 "slug": "van-gogh-ox-cart-nuenen-1884",
 "stations": {
  "helmond": {
   "name": "Helmond (KNMI rain station 896)",
   "ghcn": "NLE00102079",
   "lat": 51.4831,
   "lon": 5.6167,
   "km_to_nuenen": 4.8,
   "dating": "Rain is shown on the day it fell, as in the GHCN/ECA&D copy of the KNMI series. KNMI’s own file lists every 1880s value two days later; the two files agree value for value at that offset, and two dated storms in the Helmond paper fall on the GHCN dates."
  },
  "uccle": {
   "name": "Brussels/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (1884; GHCN BE000006447)",
   "lat": null,
   "lon": null,
   "km_to_nuenen": null,
   "null_reason": "The file coordinates describe Uccle, not the 1884 observing site; historical coordinates have not been verified.",
   "catalogue_location": {
    "name": "Uccle",
    "lat": 50.8,
    "lon": 4.35
   },
   "note": "The 1884 readings were made at Brussels/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, before the move to Uccle. RMI documents a relocation effect and adjustment of monthly means; comparability of this daily series across the move has not been established.",
   "history_url": "https://www.meteo.be/nl/klimaat/klimaatverandering-in-belgie/klimaattrends-in-ukkel/luchttemperatuur/gemiddelde/jaarlijks"
  }
 },
 "quality_filter": "Missing values (-9999) and values with any nonblank GHCN QFLAG are excluded. Complete-window counts describe data availability, not station comparability.",
 "window": {
  "start": "1884-07-02",
  "end": "1884-07-20",
  "basis": "Letter 451 (on or about 2 July) names two weaver interiors as current work and no ox-carts; letter 452 (on or about 20 July) calls the ox-cart studies “the last things I did”. The start rests on silence in letter 451."
 },
 "series": [
  {
   "date": "1884-06-20",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 16.4,
   "tmin_c": 8.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-21",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 16.3,
   "tmin_c": 9.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-22",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 14.0,
   "tmin_c": 9.6
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-23",
   "rain_mm": 4.4,
   "knmi_file_mm": 4.4,
   "tmax_c": 16.0,
   "tmin_c": 9.2
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-24",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 21.5,
   "tmin_c": 10.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-25",
   "rain_mm": 0.4,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.4,
   "tmax_c": 17.8,
   "tmin_c": 11.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-26",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 22.9,
   "tmin_c": 8.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-27",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 25.9,
   "tmin_c": 11.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-28",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 25.9,
   "tmin_c": 12.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-29",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 25.9,
   "tmin_c": 9.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-06-30",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 22.8,
   "tmin_c": 11.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-01",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 25.0,
   "tmin_c": 12.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-02",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 27.9,
   "tmin_c": 13.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-03",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 28.6,
   "tmin_c": 13.4
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-04",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 30.7,
   "tmin_c": 16.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-05",
   "rain_mm": 0.8,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.8,
   "tmax_c": 29.6,
   "tmin_c": 17.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-06",
   "rain_mm": 1.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 1.0,
   "tmax_c": 24.8,
   "tmin_c": 15.4
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-07",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 26.3,
   "tmin_c": 14.2
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-08",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 29.6,
   "tmin_c": 13.5
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-09",
   "rain_mm": 3.2,
   "knmi_file_mm": 3.2,
   "tmax_c": 30.9,
   "tmin_c": 16.9
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-10",
   "rain_mm": 3.1,
   "knmi_file_mm": 3.1,
   "tmax_c": 24.3,
   "tmin_c": 16.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-11",
   "rain_mm": 1.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 1.0,
   "tmax_c": 23.2,
   "tmin_c": 12.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-12",
   "rain_mm": 0.5,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.5,
   "tmax_c": 28.2,
   "tmin_c": 14.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-13",
   "rain_mm": 20.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 20.0,
   "tmax_c": 30.1,
   "tmin_c": 17.2
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-14",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 25.1,
   "tmin_c": 16.2
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-15",
   "rain_mm": 3.5,
   "knmi_file_mm": 3.5,
   "tmax_c": 25.5,
   "tmin_c": 16.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-16",
   "rain_mm": 14.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 14.0,
   "tmax_c": 28.0,
   "tmin_c": 17.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-17",
   "rain_mm": 8.5,
   "knmi_file_mm": 8.5,
   "tmax_c": 18.7,
   "tmin_c": 12.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-18",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 22.6,
   "tmin_c": 11.6
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-19",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 18.8,
   "tmin_c": 10.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-20",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 18.3,
   "tmin_c": 8.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-21",
   "rain_mm": 17.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 17.0,
   "tmax_c": 21.4,
   "tmin_c": 10.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-22",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 22.5,
   "tmin_c": 12.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-23",
   "rain_mm": 6.3,
   "knmi_file_mm": 6.3,
   "tmax_c": 26.7,
   "tmin_c": 14.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-24",
   "rain_mm": 7.7,
   "knmi_file_mm": 7.7,
   "tmax_c": 21.5,
   "tmin_c": 11.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-25",
   "rain_mm": 1.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 1.0,
   "tmax_c": 17.2,
   "tmin_c": 9.7
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-26",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 18.7,
   "tmin_c": 8.1
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-27",
   "rain_mm": 5.2,
   "knmi_file_mm": 5.2,
   "tmax_c": 16.9,
   "tmin_c": 10.9
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-28",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 20.2,
   "tmin_c": 11.5
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-29",
   "rain_mm": 2.4,
   "knmi_file_mm": 2.4,
   "tmax_c": 17.2,
   "tmin_c": 10.8
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-30",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 20.3,
   "tmin_c": 12.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1884-07-31",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "knmi_file_mm": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 23.9,
   "tmin_c": 11.9
  }
 ],
 "window_rain": {
  "value": 55.6,
  "rank": 48,
  "of": 151,
  "first_year": 1869,
  "reference_1991_2020": 44.6
 },
 "runup_rain": {
  "value": 6.6,
  "rank": 11,
  "of": 151,
  "first_year": 1869,
  "reference_1991_2020": 39.9
 },
 "july_rain": {
  "value": 95.2,
  "rank": 40,
  "of": 149,
  "first_year": 1869,
  "reference_1991_2020": 76.0
 },
 "heat_1_16_july": {
  "value": 27.4,
  "rank": null,
  "of": 178,
  "first_year": 1833,
  "reference_1991_2020": null,
  "null_reason": "Daily-series comparability across the Saint-Josse/Uccle relocation has not been established; no long-record temperature rank or modern reference is reported."
 },
 "runup_years": [
  [
   1869,
   0.9
  ],
  [
   1870,
   31.7
  ],
  [
   1871,
   75.2
  ],
  [
   1872,
   29.7
  ],
  [
   1880,
   71.8
  ],
  [
   1881,
   14.9
  ],
  [
   1882,
   63.8
  ],
  [
   1883,
   63.7
  ],
  [
   1884,
   6.6
  ],
  [
   1885,
   54.9
  ],
  [
   1886,
   1.6
  ],
  [
   1887,
   3.9
  ],
  [
   1888,
   55.6
  ],
  [
   1889,
   20.6
  ],
  [
   1890,
   64.8
  ],
  [
   1891,
   70.8
  ],
  [
   1892,
   49.8
  ],
  [
   1893,
   25.9
  ],
  [
   1894,
   2.4
  ],
  [
   1895,
   11.1
  ],
  [
   1896,
   17.5
  ],
  [
   1897,
   25.6
  ],
  [
   1898,
   28.2
  ],
  [
   1899,
   49.4
  ],
  [
   1900,
   82.3
  ],
  [
   1901,
   27.5
  ],
  [
   1902,
   19.5
  ],
  [
   1903,
   15.2
  ],
  [
   1904,
   17.9
  ],
  [
   1905,
   70.0
  ],
  [
   1906,
   41.1
  ],
  [
   1907,
   58.3
  ],
  [
   1908,
   30.1
  ],
  [
   1909,
   86.2
  ],
  [
   1910,
   71.2
  ],
  [
   1911,
   38.0
  ],
  [
   1912,
   44.6
  ],
  [
   1913,
   27.7
  ],
  [
   1914,
   34.0
  ],
  [
   1915,
   27.2
  ],
  [
   1916,
   48.2
  ],
  [
   1917,
   42.0
  ],
  [
   1918,
   55.2
  ],
  [
   1919,
   56.1
  ],
  [
   1920,
   52.3
  ],
  [
   1921,
   14.5
  ],
  [
   1922,
   31.7
  ],
  [
   1923,
   4.4
  ],
  [
   1924,
   23.6
  ],
  [
   1925,
   37.4
  ],
  [
   1926,
   20.2
  ],
  [
   1927,
   53.0
  ],
  [
   1928,
   34.4
  ],
  [
   1929,
   51.2
  ],
  [
   1930,
   62.4
  ],
  [
   1931,
   16.3
  ],
  [
   1932,
   29.8
  ],
  [
   1933,
   13.5
  ],
  [
   1934,
   44.9
  ],
  [
   1935,
   55.2
  ],
  [
   1936,
   58.6
  ],
  [
   1937,
   12.0
  ],
  [
   1938,
   33.2
  ],
  [
   1939,
   34.6
  ],
  [
   1940,
   47.9
  ],
  [
   1941,
   21.7
  ],
  [
   1942,
   8.9
  ],
  [
   1943,
   20.1
  ],
  [
   1944,
   29.7
  ],
  [
   1945,
   36.0
  ],
  [
   1946,
   13.8
  ],
  [
   1947,
   26.2
  ],
  [
   1948,
   77.4
  ],
  [
   1949,
   2.6
  ],
  [
   1950,
   113.3
  ],
  [
   1951,
   38.1
  ],
  [
   1952,
   75.7
  ],
  [
   1953,
   78.3
  ],
  [
   1954,
   40.2
  ],
  [
   1955,
   9.4
  ],
  [
   1956,
   33.4
  ],
  [
   1957,
   16.7
  ],
  [
   1958,
   61.1
  ],
  [
   1959,
   17.5
  ],
  [
   1960,
   49.8
  ],
  [
   1961,
   21.7
  ],
  [
   1962,
   18.5
  ],
  [
   1963,
   42.4
  ],
  [
   1964,
   20.0
  ],
  [
   1965,
   22.9
  ],
  [
   1966,
   58.3
  ],
  [
   1967,
   27.0
  ],
  [
   1968,
   51.8
  ],
  [
   1969,
   24.3
  ],
  [
   1970,
   55.2
  ],
  [
   1971,
   42.3
  ],
  [
   1972,
   63.0
  ],
  [
   1973,
   14.5
  ],
  [
   1974,
   69.4
  ],
  [
   1975,
   57.4
  ],
  [
   1976,
   3.1
  ],
  [
   1977,
   36.1
  ],
  [
   1978,
   108.9
  ],
  [
   1979,
   13.5
  ],
  [
   1980,
   99.8
  ],
  [
   1981,
   57.7
  ],
  [
   1982,
   41.8
  ],
  [
   1983,
   44.1
  ],
  [
   1984,
   30.8
  ],
  [
   1985,
   61.8
  ],
  [
   1986,
   20.1
  ],
  [
   1987,
   29.4
  ],
  [
   1988,
   83.9
  ],
  [
   1989,
   39.1
  ],
  [
   1990,
   56.1
  ],
  [
   1991,
   49.9
  ],
  [
   1992,
   21.3
  ],
  [
   1993,
   9.0
  ],
  [
   1994,
   12.6
  ],
  [
   1995,
   1.9
  ],
  [
   1996,
   37.6
  ],
  [
   1997,
   80.1
  ],
  [
   1998,
   26.5
  ],
  [
   1999,
   50.9
  ],
  [
   2000,
   43.9
  ],
  [
   2001,
   15.8
  ],
  [
   2002,
   51.8
  ],
  [
   2003,
   46.0
  ],
  [
   2004,
   77.0
  ],
  [
   2005,
   60.2
  ],
  [
   2006,
   18.8
  ],
  [
   2007,
   88.5
  ],
  [
   2008,
   39.2
  ],
  [
   2009,
   18.1
  ],
  [
   2010,
   0.7
  ],
  [
   2011,
   29.6
  ],
  [
   2012,
   31.7
  ],
  [
   2013,
   39.8
  ],
  [
   2014,
   62.4
  ],
  [
   2015,
   17.7
  ],
  [
   2016,
   114.8
  ],
  [
   2017,
   45.4
  ],
  [
   2018,
   0.3
  ],
  [
   2019,
   6.7
  ],
  [
   2020,
   97.8
  ],
  [
   2021,
   82.4
  ],
  [
   2022,
   35.7
  ],
  [
   2023,
   50.3
  ],
  [
   2024,
   53.1
  ],
  [
   2025,
   26.5
  ],
  [
   2026,
   21.0
  ]
 ],
 "storm": {
  "date": "1884-07-13",
  "rain_mm": 20.0
 },
 "witnesses": {
  "oxcarts": {
   "text": "’t laatst wat ik maakte zijn een paar nog al groote studies van Ossekarren, een zwarten os en een roodbonten.",
   "english": "The last things I made are a pair of fairly large studies of ox-carts, a black ox and a red-and-white one.",
   "source": "Letter 452, to Theo, Nuenen, on or about 20 July 1884 (editors’ note markers omitted)"
  },
  "hours": {
   "text": "ik werk nog al veel s’morgens vroeg of s’avonds en het is dan alles soms zoo onuitsprekelijk mooi.",
   "english": "I work quite a lot early in the morning or in the evening, and then everything is sometimes so unspeakably beautiful.",
   "source": "Letter 452"
  },
  "dust": {
   "text": "terwijl zij op een stoffig pad van ros violet met wat groen onkruid tusschen t’koren doorgaan naar hun werk",
   "english": "while they walk to their work along a dusty path of reddish violet, with some green weeds among the wheat",
   "source": "Letter 451, to Theo, Nuenen, on or about 2 July 1884"
  },
  "heat": {
   "text": "Helmond. Door de buitengewone hitte en droogte gedurende de laatste dagen, komen op verseheidene plaatsen onder de schoolgaande kinderen gevallen van hersenconu’estie en andere ziektetoestanden, door inwerking der warmte veroorzaakt, voor.",
   "english": "Because of the extraordinary heat and drought of the last few days, cases of brain congestion and other illnesses caused by the heat are occurring among schoolchildren in several places.",
   "source": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart (Helmond), 9 July 1884; Delpher OCR, errors kept"
  },
  "stiphout": {
   "text": "Stiphout. Zaterdag middag sloeg de bliksem in den onden kerktoren alhier",
   "english": "Stiphout. On Saturday afternoon lightning struck the old church tower here",
   "source": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart, 9 July 1884 (Saturday 5 July; Stiphout adjoins Nuenen)"
  },
  "storm": {
   "text": "Een allerhevigst ouweder, vergezel’! van zware plasregens, hier en daar van hagelslag, en van geweldige windstoot n",
   "english": "A most violent thunderstorm, with heavy downpours, hail here and there, and tremendous gusts",
   "source": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart, 16 July 1884, of Sunday afternoon, 13 July"
  }
 },
 "receipts": {
  "helmond-ghcn": {
   "title": "Helmond daily rain, GHCN-Daily NLE00102079 (from ECA&D, after KNMI)",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/all/NLE00102079.dly",
   "sha256": "897cb55f854f3be848d8441f2683cecb4352242fa371e5e7449c8347be2de53a",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "ECA&D: non-commercial research and education; NOAA GHCN-Daily"
  },
  "helmond-knmi": {
   "title": "KNMI daily rain, Helmond station 896, 1868–2026",
   "url": "https://cdn.knmi.nl/knmi/map/page/klimatologie/gegevens/monv_reeksen/neerslaggeg_HELMOND_896.zip",
   "sha256": "9b79f65d567376380292a01d684fa45dbc373b0d4f851fef221fc1537e76579b",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Free use with attribution to the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)"
  },
  "uccle": {
   "title": "Brussels/Saint-Josse daily temperature in 1884, carried in GHCN-Daily BE000006447 (Uccle series)",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/all/BE000006447.dly",
   "sha256": "3a1519afa1ed6c6f0c801da6a355109eafb19c21ce3754ce4c11f5f128478918",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "NOAA GHCN-Daily; source flagged International collection"
  },
  "rmi-station-history": {
   "title": "Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, temperature trends at Uccle and the move from Sint-Joost-ten-Node",
   "url": "https://www.meteo.be/nl/klimaat/klimaatverandering-in-belgie/klimaattrends-in-ukkel/luchttemperatuur/gemiddelde/jaarlijks",
   "sha256": "9b904f718a54140c7e2f850f360be994b54a16f3e66de36abdf757fb3a936041",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Official station history; cited",
   "note": "“werden de temperaturen in beide sites parallel opgemeten tussen 1886 en 1890”"
  },
  "let451": {
   "title": "Vincent van Gogh, letter 451 to Theo, Van Gogh Museum and Huygens ING edition",
   "url": "https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let451/print.html",
   "sha256": "4e39865f45e97c46cc541969593f7d480de986e4da9a9d0f09bf00312bd7fc06",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Dutch original in the public domain; translation © the edition, quoted briefly"
  },
  "let452": {
   "title": "Vincent van Gogh, letter 452 to Theo, Van Gogh Museum and Huygens ING edition",
   "url": "https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let452/print.html",
   "sha256": "aa305425055fef5cf0effb76818362f92d67b62be9ed13c40f1c58fe91b0bb35",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Dutch original in the public domain; translation © the edition, quoted briefly"
  },
  "portland": {
   "title": "Portland Art Museum, Charrette de boeuf (The Ox Cart), 2007.68, collection record",
   "url": "http://www.portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=51676;type=101",
   "sha256": "3c0834360b8440c0e9f80fe447603d3c11c926a1ee6db97c9258259e3d8717c1",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Museum marks the work public domain"
  },
  "zwv-0709": {
   "title": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart, 9 July 1884 (Delpher)",
   "url": "https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMRHCE01:000036774:mpeg21:a0007",
   "sha256": "223f0f8158ac59ad09c0d92b63596b17c25dccc22045e0ad6de5f7c6fdd5c633",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; KB Delpher OCR"
  },
  "zwv-0716": {
   "title": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart, 16 July 1884 (Delpher)",
   "url": "https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMRHCE01:000036776:mpeg21:a0010",
   "sha256": "f57d5099e615a73e8062bf92d45d7b4aeecfa4a3f8dd4f65444998e56bf4ac6f",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; KB Delpher OCR"
  },
  "zwv-0726": {
   "title": "De Zuid-Willemsvaart, 26 July 1884 (Delpher)",
   "url": "https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMRHCE01:000036783:mpeg21:a0008",
   "sha256": "39bac7ef4445f68fdc67cf5c526b991f4221305ca9db64bfb1b1a744cbe1daaf",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; KB Delpher OCR"
  }
 }
}