{
 "slug": "turner-rain-steam-speed-1844",
 "object": {
  "artist": "J. M. W. Turner",
  "accession": "NG538",
  "holder": "National Gallery, London",
  "date_raw": "exhibited 1844",
  "exhibition_open": "1844-05-06",
  "depicted_day": null,
  "depicted_day_reason": "no_documented_day_later_identification_unconfirmed"
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1844-04-01",
  "end": "1844-04-30",
  "days": 30,
  "kind": "exhibition_context_only",
  "basis": "Last complete calendar month before the documented 6 May 1844 exhibition opening; selected as regional context, not as the month painted or depicted."
 },
 "station": {
  "name": "Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford",
  "provider": "Stephen Burt / Figshare, January 2020 release",
  "id": "figshare.11956239",
  "lat": 51.761,
  "lon": -1.262,
  "km_to_bridge": 46.9,
  "location_basis": "Modern Met Office Oxford station header; approximate site separation, not the exact historical gauge position.",
  "historical_gauge_position": null,
  "historical_gauge_position_reason": "not_resolved_in_downloaded_documentation",
  "terminal_hour": null,
  "terminal_hour_reason": "not_specified_in_downloaded_readme"
 },
 "place": {
  "name": "Maidenhead Railway Bridge",
  "lat": 51.5211047,
  "lon": -0.7022042,
  "osm_type": "way",
  "osm_id": 511816111
 },
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  "mm": 6.0,
  "entries": 30,
  "driest_rank": 9,
  "tied": 1,
  "of": 192,
  "first_year": 1828,
  "last_year": 2019,
  "excluded": [],
  "aggregation": "Sum of the released no-traces rainfall entries dated 1–30 April at Oxford, rounded to 0.1 mm; identical calendar month in each comparison year.",
  "limit": "Pre-1853 entries can include multi-day accumulations. The release includes estimates and corrections without per-value flags. No wet-day count, storm date or rainfall at Maidenhead is inferred."
 },
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   "date": "1844-04-23",
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   "date": "1844-04-27",
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   "date": "1844-04-28",
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   "date": "1844-04-29",
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 91.3
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   "year": 1830,
   "entries": 30,
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 38.7
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 57.5
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 55.3
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 14.7
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 38.7
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 55.6
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 33.2
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 18.1
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   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 42.4
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   "year": 1840,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 16.0
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   "year": 1841,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 53.6
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   "year": 1842,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 7.4
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   "year": 1843,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 51.4
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   "year": 1844,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 6.0
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   "year": 1845,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 26.5
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   "year": 1846,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 100.0
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   "year": 1847,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.6
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  {
   "year": 1848,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 64.2
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   "year": 1849,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 79.4
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   "year": 1850,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 63.1
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   "year": 1851,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 29.8
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   "year": 1852,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 14.5
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   "year": 1853,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 54.9
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   "year": 1854,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 18.3
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   "year": 1855,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 9.8
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   "year": 1856,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 59.4
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   "year": 1857,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.8
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   "year": 1858,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 82.5
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   "year": 1859,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 58.7
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  {
   "year": 1860,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 13.6
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   "year": 1861,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 16.3
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   "year": 1862,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 52.7
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  {
   "year": 1863,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 34.9
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  {
   "year": 1864,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 40.6
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  {
   "year": 1865,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 22.9
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   "year": 1866,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 51.3
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   "year": 1867,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 65.0
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  {
   "year": 1868,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 39.0
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   "year": 1869,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 29.2
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   "year": 1870,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 13.4
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  {
   "year": 1871,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 65.8
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   "year": 1872,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 47.2
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   "year": 1873,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 12.1
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   "year": 1874,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 31.8
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   "year": 1875,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 36.8
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   "year": 1876,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 72.0
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   "year": 1877,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 54.0
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   "year": 1878,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 58.4
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   "year": 1879,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 62.1
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   "year": 1880,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 48.7
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  {
   "year": 1881,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 19.9
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  {
   "year": 1882,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 99.7
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   "year": 1883,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.7
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  {
   "year": 1884,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 40.2
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   "year": 1885,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 45.0
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  {
   "year": 1886,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 59.0
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   "year": 1887,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 29.1
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   "year": 1888,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 39.5
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  {
   "year": 1889,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 79.0
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   "year": 1890,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.8
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  {
   "year": 1891,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 24.0
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   "year": 1892,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 19.5
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  {
   "year": 1893,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 1.5
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   "year": 1894,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.9
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   "year": 1895,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.4
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   "year": 1896,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 17.5
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   "year": 1897,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 53.5
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  {
   "year": 1898,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 36.0
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  {
   "year": 1899,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 48.8
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  {
   "year": 1900,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 22.8
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  {
   "year": 1901,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 53.2
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  {
   "year": 1902,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 30.6
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  {
   "year": 1903,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 58.5
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  {
   "year": 1904,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 20.4
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  {
   "year": 1905,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 49.0
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  {
   "year": 1906,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 9.0
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  {
   "year": 1907,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 57.4
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  {
   "year": 1908,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 109.4
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  {
   "year": 1909,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 50.2
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  {
   "year": 1910,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 73.0
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  {
   "year": 1911,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 29.6
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  {
   "year": 1912,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 0.6
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  {
   "year": 1913,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 96.8
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  {
   "year": 1914,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 29.8
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  {
   "year": 1915,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 21.0
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   "year": 1916,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.2
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  {
   "year": 1917,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 41.5
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  {
   "year": 1918,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 81.5
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  {
   "year": 1919,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 57.1
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  {
   "year": 1920,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 78.5
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  {
   "year": 1921,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 23.2
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  {
   "year": 1922,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 71.2
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  {
   "year": 1923,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 58.3
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  {
   "year": 1924,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 67.3
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  {
   "year": 1925,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 56.6
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  {
   "year": 1926,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 68.8
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  {
   "year": 1927,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 44.1
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  {
   "year": 1928,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 22.5
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  {
   "year": 1929,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 34.3
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  {
   "year": 1930,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 55.1
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  {
   "year": 1931,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 75.8
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  {
   "year": 1932,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 62.1
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   "year": 1933,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.3
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  {
   "year": 1934,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 53.0
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  {
   "year": 1935,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 91.8
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  {
   "year": 1936,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 41.8
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  {
   "year": 1937,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 66.9
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  {
   "year": 1938,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 2.7
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  {
   "year": 1939,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 76.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1940,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 45.2
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  {
   "year": 1941,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 26.3
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  {
   "year": 1942,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 26.0
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  {
   "year": 1943,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.7
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  {
   "year": 1944,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 36.2
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  {
   "year": 1945,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 32.6
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   "year": 1946,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 34.4
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   "year": 1947,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.9
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   "year": 1948,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 42.6
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   "year": 1949,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 33.4
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  {
   "year": 1950,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 54.4
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  {
   "year": 1951,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 64.8
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   "year": 1952,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 41.2
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  {
   "year": 1953,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 53.0
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   "year": 1954,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 10.1
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   "year": 1955,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 16.6
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   "year": 1956,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 48.1
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  {
   "year": 1957,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 9.9
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  {
   "year": 1958,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 27.5
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   "year": 1959,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 52.2
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  {
   "year": 1960,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 16.9
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   "year": 1961,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 75.9
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   "year": 1962,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 50.7
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   "year": 1963,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 50.4
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   "year": 1964,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 59.5
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   "year": 1965,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 49.4
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   "year": 1966,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 81.7
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   "year": 1967,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 40.4
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   "year": 1968,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.1
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   "year": 1969,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 37.0
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   "year": 1970,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 75.9
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   "year": 1971,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 44.8
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   "year": 1972,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 45.8
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   "year": 1973,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 42.4
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   "year": 1974,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 4.2
  },
  {
   "year": 1975,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 46.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1976,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 8.1
  },
  {
   "year": 1977,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 40.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1978,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 45.2
  },
  {
   "year": 1979,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 38.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1980,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 14.1
  },
  {
   "year": 1981,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 43.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1982,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 27.4
  },
  {
   "year": 1983,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 89.5
  },
  {
   "year": 1984,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 1.6
  },
  {
   "year": 1985,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 32.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1986,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 70.4
  },
  {
   "year": 1987,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 51.4
  },
  {
   "year": 1988,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 30.2
  },
  {
   "year": 1989,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 63.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1990,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 20.4
  },
  {
   "year": 1991,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 56.3
  },
  {
   "year": 1992,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 57.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1993,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 69.2
  },
  {
   "year": 1994,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 52.0
  },
  {
   "year": 1995,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 18.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1996,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 49.3
  },
  {
   "year": 1997,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 15.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1998,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 107.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1999,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 57.6
  },
  {
   "year": 2000,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 137.2
  },
  {
   "year": 2001,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 72.7
  },
  {
   "year": 2002,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 43.0
  },
  {
   "year": 2003,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 36.8
  },
  {
   "year": 2004,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 68.6
  },
  {
   "year": 2005,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 50.2
  },
  {
   "year": 2006,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 36.3
  },
  {
   "year": 2007,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 1.8
  },
  {
   "year": 2008,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 47.6
  },
  {
   "year": 2009,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 32.0
  },
  {
   "year": 2010,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 25.5
  },
  {
   "year": 2011,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 0.5
  },
  {
   "year": 2012,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 143.0
  },
  {
   "year": 2013,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 24.9
  },
  {
   "year": 2014,
   "entries": 30,
   "rain_mm": 50.2
  },
  {
   "year": 2015,
   "entries": 30,
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  {
   "year": 2016,
   "entries": 30,
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   "year": 2017,
   "entries": 30,
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   "year": 2018,
   "entries": 30,
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  {
   "year": 2019,
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 ],
 "witnesses": {
  "catalogued": {
   "text": "exhibited 1844",
   "source": "Judy Egerton, The British Paintings (2000), NG538, catalogue heading.",
   "receipt": "ng-catalogue",
   "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/catalogues/egerton-2000/rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway"
  },
  "exhibition": {
   "text": "6 May — 27 July",
   "source": "Royal Academy Summer Exhibition: A Chronicle, 1844, exhibition dates.",
   "receipt": "ra",
   "url": "https://chronicle250.com/1844"
  },
  "bridge": {
   "text": "in use from July 1839",
   "source": "National Gallery, NG538, extended description.",
   "receipt": "ng-object",
   "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-mallord-william-turner-rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway"
  },
  "painted-light": {
   "text": "real rain, behind which is real sunshine",
   "source": "W. M. Thackeray, May Gambols; or, Titmarsh in the Picture-Galleries, Fraser’s Magazine 29 (June 1844), p. 712.",
   "receipt": "thackeray",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/sim_frasers-magazine_1844-06_29_174/sim_frasers-magazine_1844-06_29_174_djvu.txt"
  },
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   "url": "https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/eSoV/texts/vol35/vol35p598.html"
  },
  "storm-ended": {
   "text": "the storm by then over",
   "source": "The same retrospective account, at Swindon; Works 35, p. 600.",
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   "url": "https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/eSoV/texts/vol35/vol35p600.html"
  },
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   "text": "The next year, I think,",
   "source": "The same retrospective account, describing her visit to the Academy; Works 35, p. 601.",
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   "url": "https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/eSoV/texts/vol35/vol35p601.html"
  },
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   "text": "some may represent multi-day accumulations",
   "source": "Stephen and Tim Burt, README for the Oxford daily dataset, precipitation section.",
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 },
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  "painted_day_reason": "no_documented_day",
  "maidenhead_rain_mm": null,
  "maidenhead_rain_reason": "no_local_record_accepted",
  "simon_passenger_identity": null,
  "simon_passenger_identity_reason": "retrospective_identification_by_deduction",
  "simon_storm_day": null,
  "simon_storm_day_reason": "no_day_given_in_recollection",
  "normal_1991_2020": null,
  "normal_reason": "daily_release_ends_january_2020_no_splice_to_other_release"
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 "receipts": {
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   "title": "National Gallery, NG538, object record",
   "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-mallord-william-turner-rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway",
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   "license": "© National Gallery; short excerpts and paraphrase",
   "locator": "Extended description"
  },
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   "title": "Judy Egerton, The British Paintings (2000), NG538",
   "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/catalogues/egerton-2000/rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway",
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   "license": "© National Gallery; short excerpts and paraphrase",
   "locator": "pp. 316–324; online version 3 (2025)"
  },
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   "title": "Royal Academy Summer Exhibition: A Chronicle, 1844",
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   "license": "© Paul Mellon Centre; brief date quotation",
   "locator": "The Year at a Glance: 6 May — 27 July"
  },
  "thackeray": {
   "title": "W. M. Thackeray, May Gambols, Fraser’s Magazine 29 (June 1844)",
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   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "Public domain historical text; Internet Archive",
   "locator": "p. 712; OCR quotation checked against scan"
  },
  "thackeray-scan": {
   "title": "Fraser’s Magazine, June 1844, p. 712, scan",
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   "license": "Public domain historical text; Internet Archive",
   "locator": "leaf 85, right column, final paragraph"
  },
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   "title": "Lady Simon’s retrospective account, Ruskin, Works 35 (1908), p. 598",
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   "license": "Public domain historical text; Lancaster University electronic edition",
   "locator": "Dilecta §44"
  },
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   "title": "Lady Simon’s retrospective account, Ruskin, Works 35 (1908), p. 600",
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   "license": "Public domain historical text; Lancaster University electronic edition",
   "locator": "Dilecta §§47–48"
  },
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   "locator": "Dilecta §49 and footnote 1"
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   "url": "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/21950895",
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   "license": "CC BY 4.0; cite Stephen Burt and Tim Burt, Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 (OUP, 2019)",
   "locator": "Rainfall mm 1 dpl no traces column"
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   "url": "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/21950901",
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   "locator": "Precipitation section; early multi-day accumulations, estimates and missing cells"
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  "radcliffe-metadata": {
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   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "locator": "Release dated 9 March 2020, containing data to January 2020"
  },
  "oxford-location": {
   "title": "Met Office, Oxford historic station header",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/oxforddata.txt",
   "sha256": "7bd7f15c624736b0685c6c4ee1e2442f6805544f9b68de58981ff2f137b4d7e3",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "Crown copyright, Open Government Licence",
   "locator": "Modern site coordinates only; monthly record begins in 1853"
  },
  "bridge-location": {
   "title": "OpenStreetMap, Maidenhead Railway Bridge, way 511816111",
   "url": "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Maidenhead+Railway+Bridge&format=json&limit=1",
   "sha256": "bd6146a792aaa0019826d1c54ca8f42605886553be40007c0fb35aff0157b8ef",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0",
   "locator": "Map reference for approximate station separation"
  },
  "bridge-history": {
   "title": "Historic England, Maidenhead Railway Bridge, list entry 1125021",
   "url": "https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1125021",
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   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "Historic England listing text, Open Government Licence",
   "locator": "History and Summary; text saved from web-tool extraction after direct HTTP 403"
  },
  "image-rights": {
   "title": "Wikimedia Commons, rights for the NG538 reproduction",
   "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turner_-_Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg",
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   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-07",
   "license": "Commons metadata CC BY-SA; depicted artwork and reproduction PD-Art",
   "locator": "Public-domain/PD-Art declaration; Turner died 1851"
  },
  "image": {
   "title": "Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, NG538; original Commons reproduction",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Turner_-_Rain%2C_Steam_and_Speed_-_National_Gallery_file.jpg",
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   "license": "Public domain, PD-Art, per cached Commons declaration",
   "locator": "5661 × 4226 pixels; full-composition derivatives"
  }
 }
}