{
 "slug": "moran-grand-canyon-yellowstone",
 "places": {
  "falls": {
   "name": "Lower Falls of the Yellowstone",
   "lat": 44.7179755,
   "lon": -110.4964252
  },
  "cascade_camp": {
   "name": "Cascade Creek camp",
   "km_from_falls": 2.4,
   "note": "“1½ miles north of lower falls”, as printed"
  },
  "bottlers": {
   "name": "Boteler’s (Bottler’s) Ranch, Yellowstone valley",
   "elevation_ft": 4925,
   "trail_miles_from_cascade_camp": 63.2
  },
  "fort_ellis": {
   "name": "Fort Ellis, Montana Territory",
   "km_from_falls": 110
  },
  "lake": {
   "name": "Lake Yellowstone (GHCN-Daily USC00485345)",
   "km_from_falls": 19.0
  },
  "canyon": {
   "name": "Canyon snow station (GHCN-Daily USS0010E03S)",
   "km_from_falls": 1.1
  }
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1871-07-27",
  "end": "1871-07-31",
  "basis": "Moran’s diary: he reached the falls on the evening of 27 July, sketched and photographed on 28, 29 and 30 July, and left on 31 July."
 },
 "scales": {
  "wind_force": "0 a perfect calm, 1 a light air, 2 a pleasant breeze, 3 a fresh breeze, 4 a stiff breeze, 5 a moderate blow, 6 a light gale … 10 a hurricane (p. 502)",
  "clear_sky": "0 a sky totally obscured by clouds, 10 a sky perfectly free from clouds (p. 502)"
 },
 "lake_trip": [
  {
   "date": "1871-07-25",
   "time_printed": "8.00 a.m.",
   "time": "08:00",
   "camp": "Camp on Small Creek near Yellowstone River bridge",
   "barometer_in": 23.992,
   "temp_f": 61.5,
   "wind": "N.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "elevation_ft": 6071,
   "remark": "Smoky east.",
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-25",
   "time_printed": "3.30 p.m.",
   "time": "15:30",
   "camp": "Tower Creek, on Yellowstone Lake trail",
   "barometer_in": 23.661,
   "temp_f": 78,
   "wind": null,
   "wind_force": 0,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-25",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "camp": "Tower Creek, on Yellowstone Lake trail",
   "barometer_in": 23.648,
   "temp_f": 61,
   "wind": null,
   "wind_force": 0,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "7.00 a.m.",
   "time": "07:00",
   "camp": "Tower Creek, on Yellowstone Lake trail",
   "barometer_in": 23.643,
   "temp_f": 49,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": 6397,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "3.30 p.m.",
   "time": "15:30",
   "camp": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.413,
   "temp_f": 72.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 7,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "camp": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.403,
   "temp_f": 60,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-str., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "6.00 a.m.",
   "time": "06:00",
   "camp": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.445,
   "temp_f": 42,
   "wind": "E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "elevation_ft": 7787,
   "remark": "Frost at night.",
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "3.15 p.m.",
   "time": "15:15",
   "camp": "Mud volcanoes, 20 feet above Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.421,
   "temp_f": 73.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "7.30 p.m.",
   "time": "19:30",
   "camp": "Mud volcanoes, 20 feet above Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.469,
   "temp_f": 60,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "6.00 a.m.",
   "time": "06:00",
   "camp": "Mud volcanoes, 20 feet above Yellowstone River",
   "barometer_in": 22.595,
   "temp_f": 42.5,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu-str",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 6,
   "elevation_ft": 7438,
   "remark": "Showers during the night.",
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "12.45 p.m.",
   "time": "12:45",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.582,
   "temp_f": 59,
   "wind": "S.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "3.30 p.m.",
   "time": "15:30",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.646,
   "temp_f": 60.75,
   "wind": "S.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 6,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.648,
   "temp_f": 56,
   "wind": "N.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu.-str",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "8.00 a.m.",
   "time": "08:00",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.729,
   "temp_f": 51,
   "wind": "S.E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 6,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "12.00 m.",
   "time": "12:00",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.696,
   "temp_f": 70,
   "wind": "S.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "3.30 p.m.",
   "time": "15:30",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.682,
   "temp_f": 68.5,
   "wind": "S.S.E.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cu., cu.-str",
   "cloud_direction": "S.E.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 512
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.7,
   "temp_f": 64,
   "wind": "S.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": "Storm in the northeast.",
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "9.30 a.m.",
   "time": "09:30",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.722,
   "temp_f": 64,
   "wind": "S.S.E.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 6.5,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.682,
   "temp_f": 65,
   "wind": "S.S.E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "6.45 a.m.",
   "time": "06:45",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.684,
   "temp_f": 50.5,
   "wind": "N.N.E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 4,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "12.20 p.m.",
   "time": "12:20",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.643,
   "temp_f": 68.5,
   "wind": "S.S.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "2.30 p.m.",
   "time": "14:30",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": 22.65,
   "temp_f": 71,
   "wind": "S.S.E.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 513
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "8.00 p.m.",
   "time": "20:00",
   "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water",
   "barometer_in": null,
   "temp_f": 60.5,
   "wind": "W.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "elevation_ft": null,
   "remark": "Smoky north.",
   "page": 513
  }
 ],
 "bottlers": [
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "5.50 a.m.",
   "time": "05:50",
   "barometer_in": 24.973,
   "detached_f": 49.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 49.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 44.5,
   "difference_printed": 5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "9.00 a.m.",
   "time": "09:00",
   "barometer_in": 24.939,
   "detached_f": 68.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 67,
   "wet_bulb_f": 54,
   "difference_printed": 13,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "3.10 p.m.",
   "time": "15:10",
   "barometer_in": 24.817,
   "detached_f": 85.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 82.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 57.5,
   "difference_printed": 25,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time_printed": "7.25 p.m.",
   "time": "19:25",
   "barometer_in": 24.805,
   "detached_f": 69.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 69,
   "wet_bulb_f": 53,
   "difference_printed": 16,
   "wind": "W.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "5.15 a.m.",
   "time": "05:15",
   "barometer_in": 24.714,
   "detached_f": 47.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 49,
   "wet_bulb_f": 44.5,
   "difference_printed": 4.5,
   "wind": "W.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": "Heavy wind, and rain at night.",
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "9.00 a.m.",
   "time": "09:00",
   "barometer_in": 24.771,
   "detached_f": 87,
   "dry_bulb_f": 88,
   "wet_bulb_f": 66.5,
   "difference_printed": 21.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "12.10 p.m.",
   "time": "12:10",
   "barometer_in": 24.816,
   "detached_f": 92,
   "dry_bulb_f": 92,
   "wet_bulb_f": 61.5,
   "difference_printed": 30.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "3.00 p.m.",
   "time": "15:00",
   "barometer_in": 24.701,
   "detached_f": 93,
   "dry_bulb_f": 88,
   "wet_bulb_f": 58,
   "difference_printed": 30,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 7,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "time_printed": "7.15 p.m.",
   "time": "19:15",
   "barometer_in": 24.684,
   "detached_f": 74,
   "dry_bulb_f": 73.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 51.5,
   "difference_printed": 22,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., nim",
   "cloud_direction": "S.S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 4,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "6.30 a.m.",
   "time": "06:30",
   "barometer_in": 24.888,
   "detached_f": 62.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 66.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 52.5,
   "difference_printed": 14,
   "wind": "W.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "9.10 a.m.",
   "time": "09:10",
   "barometer_in": 24.884,
   "detached_f": 76,
   "dry_bulb_f": 77.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 59,
   "difference_printed": 18.5,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 5,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 508
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "12.30 p.m.",
   "time": "12:30",
   "barometer_in": 24.897,
   "detached_f": 87.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 86,
   "wet_bulb_f": 63,
   "difference_printed": 23,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu.-str",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 4,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "3.15 p.m.",
   "time": "15:15",
   "barometer_in": 24.885,
   "detached_f": 76,
   "dry_bulb_f": 74.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 56,
   "difference_printed": 18.5,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 3,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "time_printed": "6.55 p.m.",
   "time": "18:55",
   "barometer_in": 24.897,
   "detached_f": 68,
   "dry_bulb_f": 67.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 55.5,
   "difference_printed": 12,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu.-str., cu",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "7.45 a.m.",
   "time": "07:45",
   "barometer_in": 25.16,
   "detached_f": 74.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 79,
   "wet_bulb_f": 60.5,
   "difference_printed": 18.5,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir",
   "cloud_direction": "S.",
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "9.10 a.m.",
   "time": "09:10",
   "barometer_in": 25.166,
   "detached_f": 73.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 80,
   "wet_bulb_f": 61.5,
   "difference_printed": 18.5,
   "wind": "E.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "12.00 m.",
   "time": "12:00",
   "barometer_in": 25.107,
   "detached_f": 86,
   "dry_bulb_f": 86.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 65.5,
   "difference_printed": 21,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "2.15 p.m.",
   "time": "14:15",
   "barometer_in": 25.081,
   "detached_f": 86,
   "dry_bulb_f": 84,
   "wet_bulb_f": 64.5,
   "difference_printed": 19.5,
   "wind": "N.E.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cir.-cu., cu",
   "cloud_direction": "N.E.",
   "clear_sky": 7,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "time_printed": "8.30 p.m.",
   "time": "20:30",
   "barometer_in": 25.062,
   "detached_f": 62.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 61.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 53.5,
   "difference_printed": 8,
   "wind": "N.",
   "wind_force": 2,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "6.00 a.m.",
   "time": "06:00",
   "barometer_in": 25.049,
   "detached_f": 57,
   "dry_bulb_f": 59,
   "wet_bulb_f": 52.5,
   "difference_printed": 6.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": "Cu., cu.-str",
   "cloud_direction": "N.W.",
   "clear_sky": 7,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "9.00 a.m.",
   "time": "09:00",
   "barometer_in": 25.047,
   "detached_f": 81,
   "dry_bulb_f": 82.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 58,
   "difference_printed": 24.5,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": "Cu., cu.-str",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 6,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "12.00 m.",
   "time": "12:00",
   "barometer_in": 25.005,
   "detached_f": 93,
   "dry_bulb_f": 93.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 64.5,
   "difference_printed": 29,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu., cir.-cu",
   "cloud_direction": "S.W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "2.45 p.m.",
   "time": "14:45",
   "barometer_in": 24.983,
   "detached_f": 81.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 82.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 56,
   "difference_printed": 26.5,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": "W.",
   "clear_sky": 8,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "time_printed": "7.30 p.m.",
   "time": "19:30",
   "barometer_in": 24.98,
   "detached_f": 71.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 70,
   "wet_bulb_f": 54.5,
   "difference_printed": 15.5,
   "wind": "W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "6.30 a.m.",
   "time": "06:30",
   "barometer_in": 25.011,
   "detached_f": 67,
   "dry_bulb_f": 72.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 55.5,
   "difference_printed": 17,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "9.25 a.m.",
   "time": "09:25",
   "barometer_in": 25.004,
   "detached_f": 91,
   "dry_bulb_f": 91.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 62.5,
   "difference_printed": 29,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 3,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "12.15 p.m.",
   "time": "12:15",
   "barometer_in": 24.985,
   "detached_f": 91.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 94,
   "wet_bulb_f": 63.5,
   "difference_printed": 30.5,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "3.00 p.m.",
   "time": "15:00",
   "barometer_in": 24.964,
   "detached_f": 93.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 92.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 60.5,
   "difference_printed": 32,
   "wind": "S.S.W.",
   "wind_force": 4,
   "clouds": "Cu",
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 9,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "time_printed": "7.45 p.m.",
   "time": "19:45",
   "barometer_in": 24.964,
   "detached_f": 68.5,
   "dry_bulb_f": 66.5,
   "wet_bulb_f": 51.5,
   "difference_printed": 15,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "wind_force": 1,
   "clouds": null,
   "cloud_direction": null,
   "clear_sky": 10,
   "remark": null,
   "page": 509
  }
 ],
 "fort_ellis": [
  {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "t7": 55,
   "t14": 71,
   "t21": 57,
   "mean_printed": 61.0,
   "cloudiness": [
    3,
    1,
    2
   ],
   "rain": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-27",
   "t7": 62,
   "t14": 75,
   "t21": 59,
   "mean_printed": 65.33,
   "cloudiness": [
    6,
    7,
    5
   ],
   "rain": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-28",
   "t7": 55,
   "t14": 70,
   "t21": 58,
   "mean_printed": 61.0,
   "cloudiness": null,
   "rain": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-29",
   "t7": 57,
   "t14": 72,
   "t21": 60,
   "mean_printed": 63.0,
   "cloudiness": [
    2,
    3,
    1
   ],
   "rain": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-30",
   "t7": 65,
   "t14": 78,
   "t21": 68,
   "mean_printed": 70.33,
   "cloudiness": [
    3,
    1,
    1
   ],
   "rain": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1871-07-31",
   "t7": 62,
   "t14": 75,
   "t21": 60,
   "mean_printed": 65.66,
   "cloudiness": null,
   "rain": null
  }
 ],
 "summary": {
  "plateau_day_clear": 5.6,
  "plateau_day_readings": 6,
  "plateau_evening_clear": [
   8,
   8,
   10
  ],
  "valley_day_clear": 6.4,
  "valley_day_readings": 9,
  "valley_high_f": 94,
  "valley_high_at": "1871-07-31",
  "plateau_high_f": 73.5,
  "dawns": [
   {
    "date": "1871-07-25",
    "time": "8.00 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 61.5,
    "camp": "Camp on Small Creek near Yellowstone River bridge"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-26",
    "time": "7.00 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 49,
    "camp": "Tower Creek, on Yellowstone Lake trail"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-27",
    "time": "6.00 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 42,
    "camp": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-28",
    "time": "6.00 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 42.5,
    "camp": "Mud volcanoes, 20 feet above Yellowstone River"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-29",
    "time": "8.00 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 51,
    "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-31",
    "time": "6.45 a.m.",
    "temp_f": 50.5,
    "camp": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water"
   }
  ],
  "windiest": {
   "date": "1871-07-26",
   "time": "3.30 p.m.",
   "force": 4,
   "wind": "S.W.",
   "camp": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River"
  },
  "remarks": [
   {
    "date": "1871-07-25",
    "time": "8.00 a.m.",
    "text": "Smoky east.",
    "where": "Camp on Small Creek near Yellowstone River bridge"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-27",
    "time": "6.00 a.m.",
    "text": "Frost at night.",
    "where": "Cascade Creek, 1½ miles north of lower falls, Yellowstone River"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-28",
    "time": "6.00 a.m.",
    "text": "Showers during the night.",
    "where": "Mud volcanoes, 20 feet above Yellowstone River"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-29",
    "time": "7.15 p.m.",
    "text": "Storm in the northeast.",
    "where": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-31",
    "time": "8.00 p.m.",
    "text": "Smoky north.",
    "where": "First camp on Yellowstone Lake, 14 feet above the surface of the water"
   },
   {
    "date": "1871-07-27",
    "time": "5.15 a.m.",
    "text": "Heavy wind, and rain at night.",
    "where": "Boteler’s Ranch"
   }
  ],
  "fort_ellis_rain_entries": 0
 },
 "modern": {
  "lake": {
   "low_f": 40.9,
   "high_f": 73.8,
   "frost_share": 0.07,
   "nights": 133,
   "days": 131
  },
  "canyon": {
   "low_f": 39.5,
   "high_f": 73.9,
   "frost_share": 0.03,
   "nights": 149,
   "days": 150
  },
  "window": "27–31 July, 1991–2020"
 },
 "transcription": {
  "read_by": "Claude (Opus 5.5), from the page images rotated upright, 2026-09-30. An independent reading of the lake-trip rows by a research subagent on 2026-09-29 agrees value for value; it had left out the three Tower Creek readings of 25–26 July, added here.",
  "method": "Fractions are written as decimals (61½ → 61.5). A blank cell is null. Times are local, as printed. The lake-trip party carried no wet bulb, so only the detached thermometer is given for it.",
  "fort_ellis": "Handwritten. Each day’s three readings reproduce the surgeon’s own daily-mean column. Cloudiness on 28 July is illegible, and the 31 July cells are overwritten by the month’s column totals; both are null."
 },
 "witnesses": {
  "arrive": {
   "text": "July 27 Left Tower Falls. Halted at noon on Mt. Washburne. Arrived at Yellowstone falls in the evening.",
   "source": "Thomas Moran, diary, 1871 (Yellowstone National Park collection, NPS transcription)"
  },
  "sketching": {
   "text": "July 28. Sketching & photographing about the Falls. July 29 photographing & sketching around the Falls & Canon July 30 still at the Falls.",
   "source": "The same diary"
  },
  "leave": {
   "text": "July 31st Left the falls reached crater Hill.",
   "source": "The same diary"
  },
  "gale": {
   "text": "a gale was blowing at the time that I found it utterly impossible to use my drawing materials.",
   "source": "Captain J. W. Barlow, on the summit of Mount Washburn, 26 July 1871: Report of a Reconnaissance of the Basin of the Upper Yellowstone (1872)"
  },
  "frosts": {
   "text": "frosts occur every night during the year.",
   "source": "Barlow, on the plateau at about 7,000 feet, the same report"
  },
  "rain": {
   "text": "The amount of rain which fell was slight in nearly every case.",
   "source": "J. W. Beaman, summary of the survey’s weather, Hayden 1872, p. 518"
  },
  "tints": {
   "text": "these beautiful tints were beyond the reach of human art.",
   "source": "F. V. Hayden, on Moran at the canyon, Preliminary Report (1872), p. 84"
  },
  "colour": {
   "text": "the gorgeous display of color that impressed itself upon me.",
   "source": "Moran on the motive of the picture, in G. W. Sheldon, American Painters (1879), p. 125"
  },
  "literal": {
   "text": "I did not wish to realize the scene literally, but to preserve and to convey its true impression.",
   "source": "The same"
  },
  "relations": {
   "text": "Every form introduced into the picture is within view from a given point, but the relations of the separate parts to one another are not always preserved.",
   "source": "The same, pp. 125–126"
  },
  "aim": {
   "text": "His aim was to not necessarily capture a topographically accurate scene but rather the sublime experience nature provides.",
   "source": "U.S. Department of the Interior, blog, 25 September 2020"
  },
  "studio": {
   "text": "Later, using his sketches and memories as guides, he created these amazing paintings in his studio.",
   "source": "The same"
  }
 },
 "holder": {
  "text": "U.S. Department of the Interior Museum, INTR 03001",
  "size": "84\" x 144.25\""
 },
 "receipts": {
  "doi": {
   "title": "U.S. Department of the Interior Museum, Thomas Moran & the “Big Picture”",
   "url": "https://www.doi.gov/interiormuseum/thomas-moran-big-picture",
   "sha256": "e875ddb5b2a4b82e68af642c8d8aeb8bdd241d851e0a3dfb03272d879751c232",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "U.S. Government work"
  },
  "doi-blog": {
   "title": "U.S. Department of the Interior, Thomas Moran and the Big Pictures (Internet Archive copy)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233540/https://doi.gov/blog/thomas-moran-and-big-pictures",
   "sha256": "3e7f22ad2dec7f674a3ed91dcb487d9919a8600cbcdb44efa5ae1753b9cf9c22",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "U.S. Government work"
  },
  "commons-image": {
   "title": "Wikimedia Commons, The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (1555 × 895 px)",
   "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Moran_-_Grand_Canyon_of_the_Yellowstone.jpg",
   "sha256": "93e00cacab92f3820e1c06cd0d2892260204c8d39ff08cbbc60a762e459c4398",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; U.S. Department of the Interior"
  },
  "hayden-512": {
   "title": "Beaman, Observations taken on the Yellowstone Lake trip, Hayden 1872, p. 512 (page image)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminaryrepor00geol/page/n533_w1800.jpg",
   "sha256": "821d2ad423abe160ffd46a65519529c397791d2447f40f5d87a07607075f2445",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive",
   "note": "Transcribed by Nephos into window-engine/evidence/moran/beaman-1871.json with pp. 508, 509 and 513."
  },
  "hayden-513": {
   "title": "The same table, p. 513",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminaryrepor00geol/page/n534_w1800.jpg",
   "sha256": "3453ab7255e943e6911df47cacb273f06ceeb6188c2a0839c6e77610bff58090",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "hayden-508": {
   "title": "Beaman, Observations taken at Boteler’s Ranch, Hayden 1872, p. 508",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminaryrepor00geol/page/n529_w1800.jpg",
   "sha256": "910a7b0db8f8248546efe9267f28a662f2f8c3107e6673743d24ffb31f858406",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "hayden-509": {
   "title": "The same table, p. 509",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminaryrepor00geol/page/n530_w1800.jpg",
   "sha256": "bf3d5593fd65c68d0a8f06236afb15f4ac88b67aee03acc4d6007849db60f144",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "hayden-text": {
   "title": "F. V. Hayden, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana (1872), full text",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminaryrepor00geol/preliminaryrepor00geol_djvu.txt",
   "sha256": "20de918876752b5cdc943c2a20e9f1fc5a23610ba687d86b8a6850869e4e590d",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "fort-ellis": {
   "title": "Meteorological Register, Fort Ellis, Montana Territory, July 1871",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/nerms/api/document/BFFC8A90CFA44EB79DCF242CEFC4380C/download",
   "sha256": "04cb250098e83ad7a3fdd6643734f847d618c9098c23a79b9a6bf78971fd4cef",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "NOAA NCEI Pre-Weather Bureau forts records; no restrictions"
  },
  "diary-4": {
   "title": "Thomas Moran’s 1871 diary, NPS transcription, page 4",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/moransdiarypage4.htm",
   "sha256": "889d3328619002260daf238adce200275d8041b4c272c123642dc41809bfa09b",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "U.S. Government work"
  },
  "diary-5": {
   "title": "Thomas Moran’s 1871 diary, NPS transcription, page 5",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/moransdiarypage5.htm",
   "sha256": "aa1d891bbdbd122f56c985ceeb47fd73659d5b9d27aca36c0dec3b11b0808b7e",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "U.S. Government work"
  },
  "barlow": {
   "title": "J. W. Barlow, Report of a Reconnaissance of the Basin of the Upper Yellowstone in 1871 (1872), full text",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/reportofreconnai1872unit/reportofreconnai1872unit_djvu.txt",
   "sha256": "09e8b08574e839bac818e3001ebfd29179397daff48ea291159c1470fb94c275",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "sheldon": {
   "title": "G. W. Sheldon, American Painters (1879), full text",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/painters00shel/painters00shel_djvu.txt",
   "sha256": "356fe5fcca3a640d14633bb093c239f0615689256424d92f912122cb3910ede2",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive"
  },
  "lake": {
   "title": "GHCN-Daily, Lake Yellowstone, Wyoming (USC00485345)",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/all/USC00485345.dly",
   "sha256": "6f4373d3a2caf682f8335ce469ec908d3cc0996ab4a394ac97eeefed0579e882",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "NOAA NCEI; U.S. government work"
  },
  "canyon": {
   "title": "GHCN-Daily, Canyon snow station, Wyoming (USS0010E03S)",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/all/USS0010E03S.dly",
   "sha256": "d512dbe69b99aad7dd904384badf18601b049a9fe8d8b05ed704188117372ca5",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "NOAA NCEI; U.S. government work"
  },
  "wikidata-falls": {
   "title": "Wikidata: Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River (Q105337493)",
   "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q105337493.json",
   "sha256": "4187256b08610f7cd5554758b13bc0b3e5673b233c42011f03066b1a43c24996",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "CC0",
   "note": "44.7179755, -110.4964252"
  }
 }
}