{
 "slug": "monet-grand-canal-venice-1908",
 "station": {
  "name": "Osservatorio Meteorologico del Seminario Patriarcale, Venice",
  "lat": 45.43,
  "lon": 12.3364,
  "km_to_barbaro": 0.6,
  "siting": "On a terrace of the Seminario Patriarcale, between the Salute and the Punta della Dogana: inside the view Monet painted.",
  "series_history": "The 1900–2000 file combines the Seminario record, which ended in 1951, with observations at the nearby Cavanis site from 1959. Cross-century ranks and the 1961–1990 reference are descriptive summaries of that combined series; site continuity and homogenization have not been established here.",
  "history_url": "https://www.istitutoveneto.org/venezia/dati/atmosfera/OsservatoriVE.pdf",
  "hours": "From 1904 to 1917 the readings were taken at 9:00, 15:00 and 21:00; the file’s columns keep one set of names for every year."
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1908-10-07",
  "end": "1908-10-16",
  "stay_start": "1908-10-01",
  "stay_end": "1908-12-07",
  "basis": "The six views of the Salute from the Barbaro steps were painted in the first half of October (Sotheby’s, 2015); work began on 7 or 9 October and the stay at the Palazzo Barbaro ended about 16 October."
 },
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   "wind15": "NE",
   "wind15_kmh": 10.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-23",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 2.6,
   "tmax_c": 6.0,
   "t15_c": 6.8,
   "cloud9": "StCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 10.0,
   "cloud15": "StCu",
   "cloud15_tenths": 6.0,
   "wind15": "W",
   "wind15_kmh": 1.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-24",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 2.1,
   "tmax_c": 9.0,
   "t15_c": 8.7,
   "cloud9": "9999",
   "cloud9_tenths": 0.0,
   "cloud15": "9999",
   "cloud15_tenths": 0.0,
   "wind15": "S",
   "wind15_kmh": 6.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-25",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 2.5,
   "tmax_c": 8.9,
   "t15_c": 8.6,
   "cloud9": "StCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 8.0,
   "cloud15": "9999",
   "cloud15_tenths": 0.0,
   "wind15": "SW",
   "wind15_kmh": 6.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-26",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 1.5,
   "tmax_c": 6.5,
   "t15_c": 6.2,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 3.0,
   "cloud15": "Ci",
   "cloud15_tenths": 1.0,
   "wind15": "S",
   "wind15_kmh": 1.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-27",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 2.0,
   "tmax_c": 7.5,
   "t15_c": 7.1,
   "cloud9": "CiCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 5.0,
   "cloud15": "CiCu",
   "cloud15_tenths": 5.0,
   "wind15": "Ca",
   "wind15_kmh": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-28",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 2.3,
   "tmax_c": 8.0,
   "t15_c": 8.0,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 3.0,
   "cloud15": "CiSt",
   "cloud15_tenths": 1.0,
   "wind15": "SW",
   "wind15_kmh": 2.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-29",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 1.6,
   "tmax_c": 8.3,
   "t15_c": 8.1,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 2.0,
   "cloud15": "9999",
   "cloud15_tenths": 0.0,
   "wind15": "Ca",
   "wind15_kmh": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-11-30",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": -1.8,
   "tmax_c": 5.1,
   "t15_c": 5.0,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 3.0,
   "cloud15": "CiSt",
   "cloud15_tenths": 2.0,
   "wind15": "W",
   "wind15_kmh": 5.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-01",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": -2.2,
   "tmax_c": 2.8,
   "t15_c": 2.4,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 1.0,
   "cloud15": "St",
   "cloud15_tenths": 4.0,
   "wind15": "SW",
   "wind15_kmh": 8.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-02",
   "rain_mm": 0.1,
   "tmin_c": -2.5,
   "tmax_c": 3.7,
   "t15_c": 3.6,
   "cloud9": "CiSt",
   "cloud9_tenths": 3.0,
   "cloud15": "CiSt",
   "cloud15_tenths": 6.0,
   "wind15": "Ca",
   "wind15_kmh": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-03",
   "rain_mm": 0.3,
   "tmin_c": -1.4,
   "tmax_c": 3.1,
   "t15_c": 1.9,
   "cloud9": "Nebbia",
   "cloud9_tenths": 10.0,
   "cloud15": "Nebbia",
   "cloud15_tenths": 10.0,
   "wind15": "S",
   "wind15_kmh": 1.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-04",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 0.0,
   "tmax_c": 6.8,
   "t15_c": 6.8,
   "cloud9": "St",
   "cloud9_tenths": 4.0,
   "cloud15": "St",
   "cloud15_tenths": 1.0,
   "wind15": "W",
   "wind15_kmh": 3.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-05",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 0.6,
   "tmax_c": 5.4,
   "t15_c": 5.0,
   "cloud9": "StCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 10.0,
   "cloud15": "CiSt",
   "cloud15_tenths": 6.0,
   "wind15": "N",
   "wind15_kmh": 6.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-06",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 3.0,
   "tmax_c": 5.6,
   "t15_c": 5.4,
   "cloud9": "StCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 10.0,
   "cloud15": "StCu",
   "cloud15_tenths": 10.0,
   "wind15": "NE",
   "wind15_kmh": 19.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1908-12-07",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tmin_c": 1.5,
   "tmax_c": 4.6,
   "t15_c": 4.4,
   "cloud9": "StCu",
   "cloud9_tenths": 10.0,
   "cloud15": "St",
   "cloud15_tenths": 1.0,
   "wind15": "N",
   "wind15_kmh": 3.0
  }
 ],
 "core_rain": {
  "value": 0.0,
  "place": 1,
  "of": 95,
  "ties": 18,
  "reference_1961_1990": 23.2,
  "reference_years": 30
 },
 "core_tmax": {
  "value": 19.6,
  "place": 38,
  "of": 95,
  "ties": 1,
  "reference_1961_1990": 19.5,
  "reference_years": 30
 },
 "core_cloud15": {
  "value": 5.6,
  "place": 22,
  "of": 75,
  "ties": 1,
  "reference_1961_1990": null,
  "reference_years": 12
 },
 "dry_1_19": {
  "rain_mm": 0.0
 },
 "stay_rain": {
  "value": 71.5,
  "place": 9,
  "of": 95,
  "ties": 0,
  "reference_1961_1990": 167.9,
  "reference_years": 30
 },
 "stay_tmin": {
  "value": 6.7,
  "place": 4,
  "of": 95,
  "ties": 1,
  "reference_1961_1990": 8.3,
  "reference_years": 30
 },
 "stay_rain_days": 5,
 "stay_years": [
  [
   1900,
   217.6
  ],
  [
   1901,
   152.4
  ],
  [
   1902,
   135.7
  ],
  [
   1903,
   160.2
  ],
  [
   1904,
   67.1
  ],
  [
   1905,
   213.4
  ],
  [
   1906,
   142.7
  ],
  [
   1907,
   250.7
  ],
  [
   1908,
   71.5
  ],
  [
   1909,
   141.0
  ],
  [
   1910,
   260.2
  ],
  [
   1911,
   188.9
  ],
  [
   1912,
   123.4
  ],
  [
   1913,
   137.3
  ],
  [
   1914,
   70.2
  ],
  [
   1915,
   154.5
  ],
  [
   1916,
   286.2
  ],
  [
   1917,
   245.3
  ],
  [
   1918,
   210.5
  ],
  [
   1919,
   249.6
  ],
  [
   1920,
   374.6
  ],
  [
   1921,
   23.1
  ],
  [
   1922,
   141.8
  ],
  [
   1923,
   162.2
  ],
  [
   1924,
   108.8
  ],
  [
   1925,
   92.7
  ],
  [
   1926,
   154.6
  ],
  [
   1927,
   100.0
  ],
  [
   1928,
   203.0
  ],
  [
   1929,
   167.8
  ],
  [
   1930,
   84.1
  ],
  [
   1931,
   137.9
  ],
  [
   1932,
   121.8
  ],
  [
   1933,
   216.6
  ],
  [
   1934,
   88.7
  ],
  [
   1935,
   221.3
  ],
  [
   1936,
   60.1
  ],
  [
   1937,
   123.9
  ],
  [
   1938,
   92.1
  ],
  [
   1939,
   154.7
  ],
  [
   1940,
   184.9
  ],
  [
   1941,
   110.1
  ],
  [
   1942,
   53.1
  ],
  [
   1943,
   100.7
  ],
  [
   1944,
   180.6
  ],
  [
   1945,
   101.8
  ],
  [
   1946,
   180.3
  ],
  [
   1947,
   159.0
  ],
  [
   1948,
   159.2
  ],
  [
   1949,
   238.9
  ],
  [
   1950,
   64.0
  ],
  [
   1951,
   106.5
  ],
  [
   1953,
   85.2
  ],
  [
   1959,
   252.1
  ],
  [
   1960,
   320.4
  ],
  [
   1961,
   201.5
  ],
  [
   1962,
   296.9
  ],
  [
   1963,
   188.1
  ],
  [
   1964,
   236.8
  ],
  [
   1965,
   106.4
  ],
  [
   1966,
   295.0
  ],
  [
   1967,
   91.4
  ],
  [
   1968,
   183.0
  ],
  [
   1969,
   117.1
  ],
  [
   1970,
   74.8
  ],
  [
   1971,
   184.1
  ],
  [
   1972,
   122.1
  ],
  [
   1973,
   79.7
  ],
  [
   1974,
   138.7
  ],
  [
   1975,
   184.2
  ],
  [
   1976,
   257.1
  ],
  [
   1977,
   160.3
  ],
  [
   1978,
   121.4
  ],
  [
   1979,
   181.3
  ],
  [
   1980,
   253.1
  ],
  [
   1981,
   106.7
  ],
  [
   1982,
   304.8
  ],
  [
   1983,
   14.0
  ],
  [
   1984,
   188.1
  ],
  [
   1985,
   141.3
  ],
  [
   1986,
   116.7
  ],
  [
   1987,
   215.2
  ],
  [
   1988,
   138.8
  ],
  [
   1989,
   75.0
  ],
  [
   1990,
   263.5
  ],
  [
   1991,
   251.0
  ],
  [
   1992,
   283.6
  ],
  [
   1993,
   176.4
  ],
  [
   1994,
   123.2
  ],
  [
   1995,
   31.1
  ],
  [
   1996,
   184.5
  ],
  [
   1997,
   200.0
  ],
  [
   1998,
   191.0
  ],
  [
   1999,
   225.6
  ],
  [
   2000,
   265.1
  ]
 ],
 "witnesses": {
  "fine": {
   "text": "Full of enthusiasm thanks to the fine weather, he started new canvases every day.",
   "source": "imagesofvenice.com, “Monet in Venice”, summarising Alice Monet’s letters, of the weeks after the move to the Grand Hotel Britannia in mid-October"
  },
  "bad": {
   "text": "Several days of rainy, cold and windy weather infuriated Monet and relegated him to inactivity.",
   "source": "imagesofvenice.com, the same page; undated in the source"
  },
  "afternoon": {
   "text": "each of the canvases was painted at the same time of day, probably in the afternoon",
   "source": "Sotheby’s London, 2015, lot 15, after Joachim Pissarro, Monet and the Mediterranean"
  },
  "steps": {
   "text": "where he set up his easel during the first half of October",
   "source": "Sotheby’s London, 2015, lot 15"
  }
 },
 "receipts": {
  "observatory": {
   "title": "Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Banca Dati Ambientale sulla Laguna di Venezia: daily observations of the combined Seminario/Cavanis series, 1900–2000 (cavanis_100.csv)",
   "url": "https://www.istitutoveneto.org/venezia/dati/atmosfera/dati_cavanis/cavanis_db/cavanis_100_csv.zip",
   "sha256": "aa808c2254d71ac99bcc9fff1f87a34fdfacc4b3be338604b70b7e07996203a7",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Use must cite the source in full: author or body, date, title, web address",
   "locator": "1908-10-01 to 1908-12-07"
  },
  "station-history": {
   "title": "Istituto Veneto, history of the Venice observatories (Seminario and Cavanis)",
   "url": "https://www.istitutoveneto.org/venezia/dati/atmosfera/OsservatoriVE.pdf",
   "sha256": "1530d1c8d3d8d0760e4dfd8d10788dcde09220e648398784bffac720759d702d",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Institutional history; cited",
   "note": "“continuate ininterrottamente fino al 1951”; Cavanis “comincia le osservazioni nel 1959”"
  },
  "observatory-page": {
   "title": "Istituto Veneto, description of the observatory, its siting and observing hours",
   "url": "https://www.istitutoveneto.org/venezia/dati/atmosfera/dati_cavanis/cavanis_db/osservatorio.php",
   "sha256": "7e73e634b93d23d2f701840bba08c6aa82623422d43218feabbb047dfa50ab83",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Freely consultable; cited in full"
  },
  "terms": {
   "title": "Istituto Veneto, Banca Dati Ambientale: terms of use",
   "url": "https://www.istitutoveneto.org/venezia/home_bda.htm",
   "sha256": "ead9fedf5108839677e0b6c7a40be52fabd5ed01609de41fafacbb6c1aeb87df",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Terms page"
  },
  "mfa": {
   "title": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Claude Monet, Grand Canal, Venice, 19.171, collection record",
   "url": "https://collections.mfa.org/objects/31790",
   "sha256": "8b3e8df50b5620efaef6a53ffe501c0517e4d076270024c6bdda27118fb707df",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "© MFA text, quoted briefly"
  },
  "mfa-image": {
   "title": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, image of 19.171",
   "url": "https://collections.mfa.org/internal/media/dispatcher/1486562/resize%3Aformat%3Dfull",
   "sha256": "dce4b10b2beb7081d8ef1702e61816f24f380168e02440b14582273102209552",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Offered for download by the MFA as a public-domain work, subject to its terms of use"
  },
  "imagesofvenice": {
   "title": "imagesofvenice.com, “Monet in Venice”",
   "url": "https://imagesofvenice.com/monet-in-venice/",
   "sha256": "c529bd54765f826260cccd57c5b377f4535be2b55ed9e1f95b051550cea7f67a",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "© the site; quoted briefly as a secondary account of Alice Monet’s letters"
  },
  "sothebys": {
   "title": "Sotheby’s London, Impressionist and Modern Art Evening Sale, 2015, lot 15, Claude Monet, Le Grand Canal",
   "url": "https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/impressionist-modern-art-evening-sale-l15002/lot.15.html",
   "sha256": "e3ad02f34a94a8d06f1ff73b2960e510e125025e95fcf3c832bc91f3ed7a1459",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "© Sotheby’s; quoted briefly"
  }
 }
}