{
 "slug": "courbet-etretat-after-the-storm",
 "places": {
  "cliff": {
   "name": "Falaise d’Aval, Étretat",
   "lat": 49.7073219,
   "lon": 0.1935972
  },
  "le_havre": {
   "km": 25
  },
  "fecamp": {
   "km": 14
  },
  "bolbec": {
   "km": 25
  },
  "paris": {
   "name": "Paris-Observatoire (Météo-France 75114002)",
   "lat": 48.836667,
   "lon": 2.336667,
   "km": 183
  }
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1869-08-01",
  "end": "1869-09-30",
  "basis": "The Met dates Courbet’s visit to Étretat to August 1869; Sotheby’s, citing his letters, puts him there from August to September 1869, returning to Paris with twenty seascapes, two for the Salon of 1870."
 },
 "series": [
  {
   "date": "1869-08-01",
   "rain_mm": 10.0,
   "tn": 17.0,
   "tx": 22.9,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-02",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.6,
   "tx": 19.8,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-03",
   "rain_mm": 0.2,
   "tn": 10.5,
   "tx": 20.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-04",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 14.9,
   "tx": 27.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-05",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 16.0,
   "tx": 22.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-06",
   "rain_mm": 0.2,
   "tn": 14.2,
   "tx": 20.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-07",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.0,
   "tx": 19.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-08",
   "rain_mm": 0.1,
   "tn": 9.4,
   "tx": 23.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-09",
   "rain_mm": 0.2,
   "tn": 12.7,
   "tx": 21.8,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-10",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 15.5,
   "tx": 18.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-11",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.6,
   "tx": 18.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-12",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.1,
   "tx": 20.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-13",
   "rain_mm": 0.2,
   "tn": 9.3,
   "tx": 23.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-14",
   "rain_mm": 0.3,
   "tn": 13.7,
   "tx": 18.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-15",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.6,
   "tx": 18.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-16",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.0,
   "tx": 21.2,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-17",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 13.3,
   "tx": 19.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-18",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.5,
   "tx": 17.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-19",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.0,
   "tx": 18.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-20",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.0,
   "tx": 20.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-21",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.4,
   "tx": 22.7,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-22",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.9,
   "tx": 21.7,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-23",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.3,
   "tx": 19.9,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-24",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.9,
   "tx": 24.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-25",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 13.2,
   "tx": 27.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-26",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 17.9,
   "tx": 28.8,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-27",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 18.6,
   "tx": 28.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-28",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 15.7,
   "tx": 29.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-29",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 15.5,
   "tx": 30.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-30",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 14.1,
   "tx": 18.2,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-08-31",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.3,
   "tx": 20.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-01",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 9.1,
   "tx": 19.1,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-02",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 9.9,
   "tx": 15.7,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-03",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.3,
   "tx": 17.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-04",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.1,
   "tx": 24.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-05",
   "rain_mm": 4.9,
   "tn": 12.4,
   "tx": 23.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-06",
   "rain_mm": 1.6,
   "tn": 13.6,
   "tx": 21.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-07",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 13.7,
   "tx": 24.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-08",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 14.2,
   "tx": 25.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-09",
   "rain_mm": 4.6,
   "tn": 16.0,
   "tx": 26.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-10",
   "rain_mm": 11.6,
   "tn": 16.2,
   "tx": 22.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-11",
   "rain_mm": 2.2,
   "tn": 12.6,
   "tx": 19.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-12",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 14.4,
   "tx": 18.5,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-13",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.7,
   "tx": 19.1,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-14",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.6,
   "tx": 20.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-15",
   "rain_mm": 5.7,
   "tn": 13.4,
   "tx": 20.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-16",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.7,
   "tx": 18.2,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-17",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 9.5,
   "tx": 22.1,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-18",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 11.3,
   "tx": 26.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-19",
   "rain_mm": 7.0,
   "tn": 14.0,
   "tx": 19.0,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-20",
   "rain_mm": 12.9,
   "tn": 8.8,
   "tx": 14.8,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-21",
   "rain_mm": 0.1,
   "tn": 10.2,
   "tx": 16.7,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-22",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 10.2,
   "tx": 16.7,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-23",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 9.1,
   "tx": 17.1,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-24",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.1,
   "tx": 18.9,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-25",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 12.9,
   "tx": 23.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-26",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 14.4,
   "tx": 19.6,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-27",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 9.6,
   "tx": 20.8,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-28",
   "rain_mm": 0.0,
   "tn": 13.3,
   "tx": 21.3,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-29",
   "rain_mm": 0.1,
   "tn": 13.5,
   "tx": 26.4,
   "quality": "9"
  },
  {
   "date": "1869-09-30",
   "rain_mm": 3.5,
   "tn": 16.6,
   "tx": 22.7,
   "quality": "9"
  }
 ],
 "august": {
  "mm": 11.2,
  "rain_days": 1,
  "drier": 3,
  "wetter": 78,
  "of": 82,
  "years": "1861–1949"
 },
 "september": {
  "mm": 54.2,
  "rain_days": 9,
  "drier": 50,
  "wetter": 34,
  "of": 85,
  "years": "1861–1949"
 },
 "storm": {
  "night": "11–12 September 1869",
  "tx_before": 26.4,
  "tx_after": 18.5,
  "rain_9_to_11": 18.4
 },
 "quality_note": "Météo-France flags these 1869 Paris values “9”: filtered, not yet validated.",
 "coast_rows_1869": 0,
 "havre_bulletin": {
  "read_by": "Claude (Opus 5.5), from the scan, 2026-10-01; agrees with an independent research reading of 10–14 September",
  "mornings": [
   {
    "date": "1869-09-12",
    "pressure_mm": 745.0,
    "temp_c": 16.0,
    "wind": "ONO tempête",
    "sky": "pluie",
    "sea": "plus que furieuse"
   },
   {
    "date": "1869-09-13",
    "pressure_mm": 751.0,
    "temp_c": 15.0,
    "wind": "SO très fort",
    "sky": "couvert",
    "sea": "furieuse"
   }
  ]
 },
 "witnesses": {
  "havre": {
   "text": "un ouragan aussi violent que celui qui, la nuit dernière et ce matin, ont passé sur nos côtes, en portant partout la désolation.",
   "english": "a hurricane as violent as the one that passed over our coasts last night and this morning, bringing desolation everywhere.",
   "source": "Le Havre’s papers, as reprinted in La France, 14 September 1869, p. 3: its oldest inhabitants had seen nothing like it since 1832"
  },
  "eleven": {
   "text": "C’est vers onze heures que le vent s’est mis à souffler avec une force terrible.",
   "english": "It was at about eleven o’clock that the wind began to blow with terrible force.",
   "source": "The same report"
  },
  "manche": {
   "text": "La tempête, amenée par cette bourrasque, continue dans la Manche",
   "english": "The storm brought by this squall continues in the Channel",
   "source": "The Paris Observatoire’s summary for 13 September, printed in La France, 14 September 1869"
  },
  "bolbec": {
   "text": "Tous les journaux sont pleins du triste spectacle des désastres occasionnés pendant une tempête des plus violentes, qui a sévi quarante-huit heures.",
   "english": "Every newspaper is full of the sad sight of the disasters caused by a most violent storm, which raged for forty-eight hours.",
   "source": "Journal de Bolbec, 18 September 1869, p. 1"
  },
  "fecamp": {
   "text": "A Dieppe, à Fécamp, les dégâts n’ont pas été moins terribles.",
   "english": "At Dieppe and at Fécamp the damage was no less terrible.",
   "source": "The same"
  },
  "paris": {
   "text": "Pendant toute une partie de la nuit de samedi à dimanche, et hier dimanche toute la journée, un vent venant de l'ouest n'a pas cessé de souffler en tempête.",
   "english": "For part of the night from Saturday to Sunday, and all day yesterday, Sunday, a west wind never stopped blowing a gale.",
   "source": "La Liberté (Paris), 14 September 1869, p. 3, “La tempête du 12 septembre”"
  },
  "caux": {
   "text": "vous êtes aux premières loges, ou à peu près, pour ressentir les effets et contre effets du grabuge équinoxial!",
   "english": "you are in the front row, or nearly, for the effects and counter-effects of the equinoctial uproar!",
   "source": "A Paris correspondent to L’Abeille cauchoise (Yvetot), 15 September 1869, p. 1"
  },
  "beach": {
   "text": "j'étais venu sur la plage, pour voir un ouragan.",
   "english": "I had come down to the beach to watch a hurricane.",
   "source": "Guy de Maupassant, “La Vie d’un paysagiste”, Gil Blas, 28 September 1886, recalling Étretat “deux ou trois ans plus tard” than an earlier visit; no year given"
  },
  "window": {
   "text": "De temps en temps il allait appuyer son visage à la vitre et regardait la tempête.",
   "english": "From time to time he would go and press his face to the window and watch the storm.",
   "source": "Maupassant, the same, on Courbet in his house against the Falaise d’Aval"
  },
  "wave": {
   "text": "Or, cette œuvre devint « la Vague » et fit quelque bruit par le monde.",
   "english": "That work became “The Wave” and made some noise in the world.",
   "source": "The same"
  },
  "limpid": {
   "text": "The clarity of the air and the limpid light after the rain are magnificently caught.",
   "source": "Musée d’Orsay, on this painting"
  },
  "summer": {
   "text": "In summer 1869, Courbet arrived in his turn in this small Norman town.",
   "source": "Musée d’Orsay"
  },
  "dialogue": {
   "text": "The two canvases, painted about the same time, set up a dialogue as if they were describing successive phases of the same phenomenon.",
   "source": "Musée d’Orsay, on this canvas and The Stormy Sea, both sent to the Salon of 1870"
  },
  "august": {
   "text": "Courbet painted this view looking out over the English Channel during a visit to Étretat along the coast of Normandy in August 1869.",
   "source": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, on Courbet’s The Calm Sea, 29.100.566"
  },
  "twenty": {
   "text": "By the time Courbet returned to Paris, he had painted twenty seascapes, with two of the largest views destined for the Salon of 1870",
   "source": "Sotheby’s, 2020, citing Letters of Gustave Courbet, ed. Chu (1992), no. 69-9"
  }
 },
 "holder": {
  "accession": "MNR 561",
  "inscription": "S.D.b.g. : 70. Gustave Courbet",
  "size": "H. 130,0 ; L. 162,0 cm."
 },
 "receipts": {
  "orsay": {
   "title": "Musée d’Orsay, Gustave Courbet, La Falaise d’Étretat après l’orage, MNR 561 (Internet Archive copy)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250906141951/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/artworks/la-falaise-detretat-apres-lorage-931",
   "sha256": "89fcaa964c8a3449e14baa49808b00413516472f171389947f1a845543b63881",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Museum text; quoted briefly"
  },
  "commons-image": {
   "title": "Wikimedia Commons, The Etretat Cliffs after the Storm (Google Art Project, 5022 × 4007 px)",
   "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Etretat_Cliffs_after_the_Storm_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
   "sha256": "26132d8640220ea7d81869f3762849dd3e5914ea68629186559e39cb965003c6",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain"
  },
  "mf-before-1949": {
   "title": "Météo-France daily climatological data, Paris, before 1949 (Paris-Observatoire, 75114002)",
   "url": "https://meteofrance.s3.sbg.io.cloud.ovh.net/data/synchro_ftp/BASE/QUOT/Q_75_avant-1949_RR-T-Vent.csv.gz",
   "sha256": "04ccefd0095bb629f1e44434308eef0770693764fc533b96f5cc3ad4553d73f8",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-20",
   "license": "Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0",
   "license_url": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/licence-ouverte-open-licence/"
  },
  "la-france": {
   "title": "La France, 14 September 1869, p. 3 (Gallica OCR)",
   "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16312273/f3.item",
   "sha256": "d9605565f5a286e9370d16a3b163d27f0c0c0b9c981bd585e52b3425c214f606",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Gallica, BnF"
  },
  "liberte": {
   "title": "La Liberté, 14 September 1869, p. 3 (Gallica OCR)",
   "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4741727z/f3.item",
   "sha256": "0203922ea61d059f1ef2f84c6c03a56c157fc1a43286e3321b22f82e62c9c772",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Gallica, BnF"
  },
  "abeille": {
   "title": "L’Abeille cauchoise, 15 September 1869, p. 1 (Gallica OCR)",
   "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t512386001/f1.item",
   "sha256": "b6181a07fbc59014c53dd4eef4e09d38b5cd6af2e6dc4eaff228d55036d83235",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Gallica, BnF"
  },
  "bolbec": {
   "title": "Journal de Bolbec, 18 September 1869, p. 1 (Gallica OCR)",
   "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t51360599d/f1.item",
   "sha256": "909cc2829dbd712cd78d461cf7c2fd5804866b646477c996ade2c891531ad560",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Gallica, BnF"
  },
  "gil-blas": {
   "title": "Gil Blas, 28 September 1886, p. 1: Maupassant, “La Vie d’un paysagiste” (Gallica OCR)",
   "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75225119/f1.item",
   "sha256": "9e5605756396fd06ef2f76d10987cbfff8fce11e67671d6827192ce28afc9ae8",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Public domain; Gallica, BnF"
  },
  "met": {
   "title": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gustave Courbet, The Calm Sea, 29.100.566 (Internet Archive copy)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420225101/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436005",
   "sha256": "f4653c5f0476f527c2eb9efdb72e3334a685822c4c1796be0abb4756d7c84529",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Museum text; quoted briefly"
  },
  "sothebys": {
   "title": "Sotheby’s, 19th Century European Art, 2020: Gustave Courbet, La Mer orageuse",
   "url": "https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/19th-century-european-art/gustave-courbet-la-mer-orageuse",
   "sha256": "270b21b19c26557e827107f4391a0127542c80c1127a21da68176f010637f390",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-30",
   "license": "Catalogue text; quoted briefly"
  },
  "bulletin-1869-09": {
   "title": "Bulletin international de l’Observatoire impérial de Paris, daily bulletins for September 1869 (Météo-France library scan)",
   "url": "https://bibliotheque.meteo.fr/exl-php/vue-consult/mf_-_internet_recherche_avancee_anonyme/DOC00023226",
   "sha256": "8143563c0cb9e649143498c3c6d745b94738d9e2eb0fc7916cc44da649afa8ce",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-10-01",
   "license": "Public-domain document; the library licenses its scan for private use, so it is cited here, not reproduced",
   "locator": "7 a.m. station table, Le Havre, 12 and 13 September 1869"
  },
  "mf-76": {
   "title": "Météo-France daily climatological data, Seine-Maritime, before 1949: no station has any day in August or September 1869",
   "url": "https://meteofrance.s3.sbg.io.cloud.ovh.net/data/synchro_ftp/BASE/QUOT/Q_76_avant-1949_RR-T-Vent.csv.gz",
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