{
 "slug": "cole-view-on-the-catskill",
 "station": {
  "name": "Watervliet Arsenal (U.S. Army)",
  "id": "MRCC FORTS 305259",
  "lat": 42.71944,
  "lon": -73.7075,
  "elevation_ft": 57,
  "observer": "Moses Hale etc.",
  "km_to_cedar_grove": 56.3,
  "schedule": "Thermometer read at 7, 14 and 21 hours, 1826–1840; no maximum or minimum thermometer."
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1836-09-01",
  "end": "1836-10-31",
  "basis": "Cole painted the canvas in the winter of 1836–37 (journal, 14 May 1837); these are the last two months of the season he had just lived through."
 },
 "series": [
  {
   "date": "1836-09-01",
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 67.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0,
   "rain_in": 0.08
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-02",
   "t07_f": 46.0,
   "t14_f": 54.0,
   "t21_f": 65.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-03",
   "t07_f": 55.0,
   "t14_f": 66.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0,
   "rain_in": 0.03
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-04",
   "t07_f": 60.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 72.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-05",
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 67.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-06",
   "t07_f": 42.0,
   "t14_f": 60.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-07",
   "t07_f": 43.0,
   "t14_f": 66.0,
   "t21_f": 53.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-08",
   "t07_f": 42.0,
   "t14_f": 70.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-09",
   "t07_f": 57.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0,
   "rain_in": 0.04
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-10",
   "t07_f": 48.0,
   "t14_f": 56.0,
   "t21_f": 53.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-11",
   "t07_f": 54.0,
   "t14_f": 70.0,
   "t21_f": 63.0,
   "rain_in": 0.3
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-12",
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 69.0,
   "rain_in": 0.07
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-13",
   "t07_f": 67.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 72.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-14",
   "t07_f": 72.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 70.0,
   "rain_in": 0.18
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-15",
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-16",
   "t07_f": 54.0,
   "t14_f": 75.0,
   "t21_f": 65.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-17",
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 68.0,
   "t21_f": 64.0,
   "rain_in": 0.45
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-18",
   "t07_f": 67.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 67.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-19",
   "t07_f": 70.0,
   "t14_f": 88.0,
   "t21_f": 76.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-20",
   "t07_f": 73.0,
   "t14_f": 80.0,
   "t21_f": 65.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-21",
   "t07_f": 54.0,
   "t14_f": 76.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-22",
   "t07_f": 51.0,
   "t14_f": 74.0,
   "t21_f": 65.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-23",
   "t07_f": 63.0,
   "t14_f": 80.0,
   "t21_f": 67.0,
   "rain_in": 0.26
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-24",
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 72.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-25",
   "t07_f": 54.0,
   "t14_f": 61.0,
   "t21_f": 50.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-26",
   "t07_f": 57.0,
   "t14_f": 62.0,
   "t21_f": 51.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-27",
   "t07_f": 51.0,
   "t14_f": 67.0,
   "t21_f": 46.0,
   "rain_in": 0.04
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-28",
   "t07_f": 40.0,
   "t14_f": 51.0,
   "t21_f": 44.0,
   "rain_in": 0.02
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-29",
   "t07_f": 40.0,
   "t14_f": 56.0,
   "t21_f": 46.0,
   "rain_in": 0.02
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-09-30",
   "t07_f": 36.0,
   "t14_f": 61.0,
   "t21_f": 47.0,
   "rain_in": null
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-01",
   "t07_f": 49.0,
   "t14_f": 66.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-02",
   "t07_f": 60.0,
   "t14_f": 71.0,
   "t21_f": 50.0,
   "rain_in": 0.5
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-03",
   "t07_f": 38.0,
   "t14_f": 58.0,
   "t21_f": 41.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-04",
   "t07_f": 44.0,
   "t14_f": 60.0,
   "t21_f": 48.0,
   "rain_in": 0.02
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-05",
   "t07_f": 38.0,
   "t14_f": 42.0,
   "t21_f": 44.0,
   "rain_in": 0.95
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-06",
   "t07_f": 38.0,
   "t14_f": 46.0,
   "t21_f": 43.0,
   "rain_in": 0.23
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-07",
   "t07_f": 42.0,
   "t14_f": 56.0,
   "t21_f": 44.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-08",
   "t07_f": 41.0,
   "t14_f": 58.0,
   "t21_f": 44.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-09",
   "t07_f": 31.0,
   "t14_f": 56.0,
   "t21_f": 40.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-10",
   "t07_f": 26.0,
   "t14_f": 48.0,
   "t21_f": 36.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-11",
   "t07_f": 24.0,
   "t14_f": 50.0,
   "t21_f": 43.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-12",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 37.0,
   "t21_f": 34.0,
   "rain_in": 1.25
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-13",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 52.0,
   "t21_f": 44.0,
   "rain_in": 0.18
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-14",
   "t07_f": 49.0,
   "t14_f": 58.0,
   "t21_f": 51.0,
   "rain_in": 0.32
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-15",
   "t07_f": 43.0,
   "t14_f": 56.0,
   "t21_f": 37.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-16",
   "t07_f": 30.0,
   "t14_f": 52.0,
   "t21_f": 43.0,
   "rain_in": 0.05
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-17",
   "t07_f": 35.0,
   "t14_f": 54.0,
   "t21_f": 36.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-18",
   "t07_f": 36.0,
   "t14_f": 48.0,
   "t21_f": 31.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-19",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 52.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-20",
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 44.0,
   "t21_f": 31.0,
   "rain_in": 0.6
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-21",
   "t07_f": 34.0,
   "t14_f": 40.0,
   "t21_f": 30.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-22",
   "t07_f": 28.0,
   "t14_f": 48.0,
   "t21_f": 32.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-23",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 58.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-24",
   "t07_f": 44.0,
   "t14_f": 65.0,
   "t21_f": 51.0,
   "rain_in": 0.05
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-25",
   "t07_f": 28.0,
   "t14_f": 38.0,
   "t21_f": 30.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-26",
   "t07_f": 22.0,
   "t14_f": 36.0,
   "t21_f": 38.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-27",
   "t07_f": 24.0,
   "t14_f": 48.0,
   "t21_f": 29.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-28",
   "t07_f": 19.0,
   "t14_f": 50.0,
   "t21_f": 43.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-29",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 42.0,
   "t21_f": 36.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-30",
   "t07_f": 32.0,
   "t14_f": 36.0,
   "t21_f": 22.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1836-10-31",
   "t07_f": 16.0,
   "t14_f": 39.0,
   "t21_f": 22.0,
   "rain_in": 0.0
  }
 ],
 "october_1836": {
  "year": 1836,
  "mean_f": 41.9,
  "morning_f": 35.3,
  "freezing_mornings": 16,
  "first_freezing_morning": 9
 },
 "september_1836": {
  "year": 1836,
  "mean_f": 62.1,
  "morning_f": 55.9,
  "freezing_mornings": 0,
  "first_freezing_morning": null
 },
 "octobers": [
  {
   "year": 1826,
   "mean_f": 52.0,
   "morning_f": 46.2,
   "freezing_mornings": 2,
   "first_freezing_morning": 25
  },
  {
   "year": 1827,
   "mean_f": 50.6,
   "morning_f": 46.0,
   "freezing_mornings": 3,
   "first_freezing_morning": 17
  },
  {
   "year": 1828,
   "mean_f": 52.6,
   "morning_f": 44.5,
   "freezing_mornings": 6,
   "first_freezing_morning": 16
  },
  {
   "year": 1829,
   "mean_f": 51.6,
   "morning_f": 45.5,
   "freezing_mornings": 4,
   "first_freezing_morning": 21
  },
  {
   "year": 1830,
   "mean_f": 51.8,
   "morning_f": 44.9,
   "freezing_mornings": 1,
   "first_freezing_morning": 8
  },
  {
   "year": 1831,
   "mean_f": 53.5,
   "morning_f": 47.5,
   "freezing_mornings": 2,
   "first_freezing_morning": 29
  },
  {
   "year": 1832,
   "mean_f": 49.8,
   "morning_f": 44.7,
   "freezing_mornings": 3,
   "first_freezing_morning": 25
  },
  {
   "year": 1833,
   "mean_f": 48.9,
   "morning_f": 44.6,
   "freezing_mornings": 5,
   "first_freezing_morning": 25
  },
  {
   "year": 1834,
   "mean_f": 46.2,
   "morning_f": 41.3,
   "freezing_mornings": 10,
   "first_freezing_morning": 11
  },
  {
   "year": 1835,
   "mean_f": 52.6,
   "morning_f": 47.1,
   "freezing_mornings": 1,
   "first_freezing_morning": 12
  },
  {
   "year": 1836,
   "mean_f": 41.9,
   "morning_f": 35.3,
   "freezing_mornings": 16,
   "first_freezing_morning": 9
  },
  {
   "year": 1837,
   "mean_f": 49.1,
   "morning_f": 44.6,
   "freezing_mornings": 5,
   "first_freezing_morning": 5
  },
  {
   "year": 1838,
   "mean_f": 48.6,
   "morning_f": 43.2,
   "freezing_mornings": 4,
   "first_freezing_morning": 8
  },
  {
   "year": 1839,
   "mean_f": 51.6,
   "morning_f": 45.0,
   "freezing_mornings": 4,
   "first_freezing_morning": 1
  },
  {
   "year": 1840,
   "mean_f": 50.4,
   "morning_f": 45.7,
   "freezing_mornings": 3,
   "first_freezing_morning": 17
  }
 ],
 "septembers": [
  {
   "year": 1826,
   "mean_f": 65.0,
   "morning_f": 61.5,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1827,
   "mean_f": 64.1,
   "morning_f": 59.7,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1828,
   "mean_f": 65.2,
   "morning_f": 58.8,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1829,
   "mean_f": 58.2,
   "morning_f": 51.7,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1830,
   "mean_f": 61.9,
   "morning_f": 56.9,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1831,
   "mean_f": 62.3,
   "morning_f": 56.4,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1832,
   "mean_f": 71.3,
   "morning_f": 64.8,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1833,
   "mean_f": 62.4,
   "morning_f": 58.4,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1834,
   "mean_f": 64.4,
   "morning_f": 59.3,
   "freezing_mornings": 1,
   "first_freezing_morning": 30
  },
  {
   "year": 1835,
   "mean_f": 59.3,
   "morning_f": 56.1,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1836,
   "mean_f": 62.1,
   "morning_f": 55.9,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1837,
   "mean_f": 58.3,
   "morning_f": 54.4,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1838,
   "mean_f": 63.0,
   "morning_f": 56.9,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1839,
   "mean_f": 62.3,
   "morning_f": 57.4,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  },
  {
   "year": 1840,
   "mean_f": 59.4,
   "morning_f": 54.4,
   "freezing_mornings": 0,
   "first_freezing_morning": null
  }
 ],
 "october_rank": {
  "value": 1,
  "of": 15,
  "next": {
   "year": 1834,
   "mean_f": 46.2
  },
  "most_freezing_mornings_other_year": 10,
  "note": "Coldest first, by the mean of the 7, 14 and 21 h readings, among Octobers 1826–1840 with every reading present."
 },
 "wettest_day": {
  "date": "1836-10-12",
  "t07_f": 32.0,
  "t14_f": 37.0,
  "t21_f": 34.0,
  "rain_in": 1.25
 },
 "october_1837": {
  "rank": 5,
  "year": 1837,
  "mean_f": 49.1,
  "morning_f": 44.6,
  "freezing_mornings": 5,
  "first_freezing_morning": 5,
  "days": [
   {
    "date": "1837-10-01",
    "t07_f": 58.0,
    "t14_f": 70.0,
    "t21_f": 56.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-02",
    "t07_f": 54.0,
    "t14_f": 62.0,
    "t21_f": 54.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-03",
    "t07_f": 60.0,
    "t14_f": 64.0,
    "t21_f": 58.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-04",
    "t07_f": 58.0,
    "t14_f": 63.0,
    "t21_f": 51.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-05",
    "t07_f": 28.0,
    "t14_f": 44.0,
    "t21_f": 50.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-06",
    "t07_f": 46.0,
    "t14_f": 58.0,
    "t21_f": 47.0
   },
   {
    "date": "1837-10-07",
    "t07_f": 48.0,
    "t14_f": 60.0,
    "t21_f": 42.0
   }
  ]
 },
 "reference": {
  "station": "Hudson Correctional Facility, New York (USC00304025)",
  "years": "1991–2020",
  "km_to_cedar_grove": 6.2,
  "median_first_freeze": "10/18",
  "note": "Median date of the first autumn minimum at or below 32 °F. A 7 a.m. reading at or below freezing means the night’s minimum was at least as cold, so the 1836 date is a conservative comparison."
 },
 "witnesses": {
  "felled": {
   "text": "They are cutting down all the trees in the beautiful valley on which I have looked so often with a loving eye.",
   "source": "Cole to Luman Reed, Catskill, 26 March 1836, in L. L. Noble, The Course of Empire, Voyage of Life and Other Pictures of Thomas Cole (1853), p. 217"
  },
  "winter": {
   "text": "In the winter I painted four pictures : A View on the Catskill, for Mr. Sturges",
   "source": "Cole, journal, 14 May 1837, in Noble 1853, p. 238"
  },
  "view": {
   "text": "my picture may for years to come—tell what the Valley of the Catskill was before what is called “improvement” blasted the scene—I hope you will not anticipate too much in this picture—remember it is a view",
   "source": "Cole to Jonathan Sturges, 24 February 1837, as transcribed by Christine I. Oaklander, Metropolitan Museum Journal 43 (2008), p. 176"
  },
  "essay": {
   "text": "There is one season when the American forest surpasses all the world in gorgeousness — that is the autumnal",
   "source": "Cole, “Essay on American Scenery”, American Monthly Magazine, January 1836"
  },
  "frosts": {
   "text": "The Season has been highly inauspicious to the farmer, and to the country. The hopes, feeble as they were, of tolerable fall crops, have, in many districts, been already blasted by the early frosts.",
   "source": "The Cultivator (Albany), vol. 3, no. 8, October 1836, p. 125"
  },
  "climate": {
   "text": "The foliage is now falling in mournful showers. What a harsh and cruel climate!",
   "source": "Cole, journal, 6 October 1837, a year later, in Noble 1853, p. 243"
  }
 },
 "receipts": {
  "watervliet": {
   "title": "Watervliet Arsenal daily register, 1825–1892: NOAA Climate Database Modernization Program, keyed and checked by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
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   "title": "NOAA NCEI 1991–2020 annual and seasonal normals, Hudson Correctional Facility, New York (USC00304025)",
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  },
  "essay": {
   "title": "Thomas Cole, “Essay on American Scenery”, American Monthly Magazine, January 1836",
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  },
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   "locator": "no. 8, October 1836, p. 125"
  },
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   "title": "Christine I. Oaklander, “Jonathan Sturges, W. H. Osborn, and William Church Osborn: A Chapter in American Art Patronage”, Metropolitan Museum Journal 43 (2008)",
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   "title": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, View on the Catskill—Early Autumn, 95.13.3 (Open Access record)",
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}