{ "slug": "church-niagara-1857", "object": { "artist": "Frederic Edwin Church", "title": "Niagara", "year": 1857, "holder": "National Gallery of Art, Washington", "accession": "2014.79.10", "url": "https://www.nga.gov/artworks/166436-niagara", "date_quotes": [ "His first trip was in March 1856", "He was back in July and then in September and October" ] }, "window": { "year": 1856, "months": [ 3, 7, 9, 10 ], "days": 123, "basis": "Kelly’s catalogue documents visits in March, July, September and October 1856. Whole visit months are context envelopes, not continuous stays or dates assigned to the finished painting." }, "falls": { "lat": 43.0784134, "lon": -79.0743266, "source": "OpenStreetMap way 56539663; falls reference, not a calibrated painting viewpoint" }, "station": { "name": "TORONTO", "id": "6158350", "archive_id": "5051", "lat": 43.67, "lon": -79.4, "distance_km": 70.9, "distance_to": "Horseshoe Falls reference; rounded coordinates supplied by ECCC" }, "months": [ { "month": 3, "label": "March", "days": 31, "start": "1856-03-01", "end": "1856-03-31", "mean_c": -5.7, "mean_c_accepted": 31, "mean_c_traces": 0, "rain_mm": 0.0, "rain_mm_accepted": 31, "rain_mm_traces": 0, "snow_cm": 41.0, "snow_cm_accepted": 31, "snow_cm_traces": 1, "days_rain_measured": 0 }, { "month": 7, "label": "July", "days": 31, "start": "1856-07-01", "end": "1856-07-31", "mean_c": 21.0, "mean_c_accepted": 31, "mean_c_traces": 0, "rain_mm": 29.2, "rain_mm_accepted": 31, "rain_mm_traces": 1, "snow_cm": 0.0, "snow_cm_accepted": 31, "snow_cm_traces": 0, "days_rain_measured": 7 }, { "month": 9, "label": "September", "days": 30, "start": "1856-09-01", "end": "1856-09-30", "mean_c": 13.5, "mean_c_accepted": 30, "mean_c_traces": 0, "rain_mm": 105.2, "rain_mm_accepted": 30, "rain_mm_traces": 1, "snow_cm": 0.0, "snow_cm_accepted": 30, "snow_cm_traces": 0, "days_rain_measured": 12 }, { "month": 10, "label": "October", "days": 31, "start": "1856-10-01", "end": "1856-10-31", "mean_c": 7.1, "mean_c_accepted": 31, "mean_c_traces": 0, "rain_mm": 22.9, "rain_mm_accepted": 31, "rain_mm_traces": 2, "snow_cm": 0.3, "snow_cm_accepted": 31, "snow_cm_traces": 1, "days_rain_measured": 8 } ], "daily": [ { "date": "1856-03-01", "source": "toronto", "mean_c": { "value": -4.5, "raw": "-4.5", "flag": "", "reason": null }, "rain_mm": { "value": 0.0, "raw": "0.0", "flag": "", "reason": null }, "snow_cm": { "value": 11.4, "raw": "11.4", "flag": "", "reason": null } }, { "date": "1856-03-02", "source": "toronto", 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Those raw coordinates are retained without silently changing their sign. Distance uses the separate modern fort reference. No measurements are inferred from the nominal 1820–1893 coverage." } ], "geometry": { "kind": "computed scenarios, not observations", "primary_bow_radius_deg": 42.0, "rows": [ { "date": "1856-03-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 9, "sun_altitude_deg": 29.4, "sun_azimuth_deg": 125.8, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 305.8, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 12.6 }, { "date": "1856-03-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 12, "sun_altitude_deg": 44.8, "sun_azimuth_deg": 180.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 0.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": -2.8 }, { "date": "1856-03-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 15, "sun_altitude_deg": 29.4, "sun_azimuth_deg": 234.2, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 54.2, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 12.6 }, { "date": "1856-07-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 9, "sun_altitude_deg": 47.0, "sun_azimuth_deg": 105.3, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 285.3, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": -5.0 }, { "date": "1856-07-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 12, "sun_altitude_deg": 68.5, "sun_azimuth_deg": 180.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 0.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": -26.5 }, { "date": "1856-07-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 15, "sun_altitude_deg": 47.0, "sun_azimuth_deg": 254.7, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 74.7, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": -5.0 }, { "date": "1856-09-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 9, "sun_altitude_deg": 33.7, "sun_azimuth_deg": 122.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 302.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 8.3 }, { "date": "1856-09-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 12, "sun_altitude_deg": 50.2, "sun_azimuth_deg": 180.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 0.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": -8.2 }, { "date": "1856-09-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 15, "sun_altitude_deg": 33.7, "sun_azimuth_deg": 238.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 58.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 8.3 }, { "date": "1856-10-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 9, "sun_altitude_deg": 24.4, "sun_azimuth_deg": 129.8, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 309.8, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 17.6 }, { "date": "1856-10-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 12, "sun_altitude_deg": 38.6, "sun_azimuth_deg": 180.0, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 0.0, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 3.4 }, { "date": "1856-10-15", "apparent_solar_hour": 15, "sun_altitude_deg": 24.4, "sun_azimuth_deg": 230.2, "antisolar_azimuth_deg": 50.2, "primary_bow_top_altitude_deg": 17.6 } ], "assumptions": "NOAA approximate declination evaluated at day midpoint in leap year 1856; spherical horizon, no refraction. True apparent solar hours are not local civil times. Sun azimuth is clockwise from true north. Bow centre is opposite the sun; top elevation is radius minus sun altitude. The 15th is an arbitrary representative date in each documented visit month, not a visit-day claim.", "limits": "No unique Canadian-side viewpoint, compass calibration, angular scale or spray elevation is established for the composite painting. These positions describe possible cone orientations at the falls, not proof that a cone intersects the painted spray. A negative top elevation places the entire bow below the astronomical horizon; spray below eye level can still intercept it. No weather, sunlight occurrence, rainbow sighting or painted hour is inferred." }, "definitions": { "aggregation": "Separate whole-month arithmetic means of ECCC daily mean temperatures; separate sums of daily liquid rainfall (mm) and snowfall (cm). No averaging between stations or across visit months.", "flags": "Blank flag plus a finite numerical value is accepted; T is retained as a trace encoded as zero for precipitation sums. Missing or other flags become null with a reason. A monthly value needs every calendar date and accepted component.", "traces": "A total with traces is the sum of measurable amounts, with unquantified trace amounts additional; T does not mean no precipitation. Snowfall centimetres are not millimetres of rain or snow depth on the ground.", "scope": "One-year regional context, no historical rank, modern normal or anomaly. Historical instrument/exposure and observing-day changes are not homogenized. No local sunshine, cloud register, discharge or artist-session link has been established." }, "receipts": { "catalogue": { "title": "Franklin Kelly, Niagara, Corcoran Gallery of Art: American Paintings to 1945 (2011)", "url": "https://drupal-prod.nga.gov/sites/default/files/migrate_images/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/corcoran-american-art.pdf", "sha256": "b851d1bbd1fafdcdbed370edb2a3b209a92f96c1a70e32e85c254ff44f1a961e", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Copyright Corcoran Gallery of Art; NGA-provided research PDF; no image reuse inferred", "locator": "Printed pp. 112–115; PDF pp. 116–119, visually inspected dating page" }, "catalogue-text": { "title": "Text extraction of Kelly’s catalogue entry", "url": "https://drupal-prod.nga.gov/sites/default/files/migrate_images/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/corcoran-american-art.pdf", "sha256": "25b936c026f52b5c24926d0b2a11edad9fc1829354e96830b5ad617f3972f739", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Same copyright as the catalogue; brief excerpts only", "locator": "PyMuPDF extraction; same PDF pages" }, "museum": { "title": "NGA, Niagara, 2014.79.10", "url": "https://www.nga.gov/artworks/166436-niagara", "sha256": "76fce90b12bf9f34b683fc009875220184a7fabccb979f6d168166e5aecc6866", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Museum text: educational research; artwork media public domain", "locator": "Saved web-tool text extraction; direct HTML returned 403; object and media declaration" }, "museum-story": { "title": "NGA, The 19th-Century Blockbuster (4 August 2023)", "url": "https://www.nga.gov/stories/articles/19th-century-blockbuster-frederic-edwin-churchs-niagara", "sha256": "2d68c8ec48c6c989067c5b3eced4ccbfe8c8dd07c4d7558b95f3bcdffe6e2dc2", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Copyright NGA text, short excerpts/paraphrase only", "locator": "Saved web-tool text extraction; visits, studio composition, exhibition and tourism" }, "image-rights": { "title": "NGA Open Access Policy", "url": "https://www.nga.gov/terms-and-notices", "sha256": "2d68c8ec48c6c989067c5b3eced4ccbfe8c8dd07c4d7558b95f3bcdffe6e2dc2", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Policy text; CC0 applies to eligible artwork images", "locator": "Saved web-tool text extraction, Open Access section; also object-specific declaration in museum receipt" }, "image": { "title": "Frederic Edwin Church, Niagara (1857), NGA 2014.79.10", "url": "https://api.nga.gov/iiif/4d6a4fa1-db74-4586-a753-9951bc5945a3/full/1600,/0/default.jpg", "sha256": "271537d1f6ba1fbd0f09704ddc0305071693e3a5ba671e5d78e657113df32ccd", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "CC0, NGA Open Access; courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington", "locator": "Full composition, 1600-pixel IIIF derivative" }, "toronto": { "title": "ECCC, TORONTO daily data, Climate ID 6158350, 1856", "url": "https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/bulk_data_e.html?format=csv&stationID=5051&Year=1856&Month=3&Day=1&timeframe=2&submit=Download+Data", "sha256": "86d6b4ed2d6bee69c21362b4496301f12d00aa132c4368625f0f1775ebde5fca", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Open Government Licence – Canada", "locator": "Endpoint returns whole year; only March, July, September and October used" }, "glossary": { "title": "ECCC climate glossary", "url": "https://climate.weather.gc.ca/glossary_e.html", "sha256": "3e118ab11894d210d2ffbfa1c7d3cf065623b4c0ec8a76b796582130b644399a", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Open Government Licence – Canada", "locator": "Mean temperature; total rain; total snow; trace" }, "licence": { "title": "Open Government Licence – Canada", "url": "https://open.canada.ca/en/open-government-licence-canada", "sha256": "d7648d6d694d66a0891502f85c3383f9263d5e541b47e14fbf33450974af158f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Open Government Licence – Canada", "locator": "" }, "fort-niagara": { "title": "Fort Niagara, NOAA/CDMP daily archive, keyed and checked by MRCC", "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/files/FORTS/Data/DAILYBYSTATE/NY_Fort_Niagara.data.csv", "sha256": "332f1a5dd49cc6e8b1ea9abaed4af4bacdffb87894f10f652237ece6c63fe81b", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "US federal historical observations; credit NOAA/CDMP and MRCC", "locator": "1856 visit-month rows are blank; explicitly rejected as weather evidence" }, "fort-metadata": { "title": "MRCC, Fort Niagara metadata and file-format notes", "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/files/FORTS/Data/DAILYBYSTATE/NY_Fort_Niagara.metadata.csv", "sha256": "0abe835fcf10ed0a8431bc1dea028ad83d5f11f52a68fce713b4ec6d32107c55", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "US federal historical observations; credit NOAA/CDMP and MRCC", "locator": "Metadata and daily rows print longitude as a positive magnitude; modern fort reference is supplied separately" }, "falls": { "title": "OpenStreetMap, Horseshoe Falls, way 56539663", "url": "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Horseshoe%20Falls%2C%20Niagara%20Falls%2C%20Ontario&format=json&limit=1", "sha256": "48b48fdc11078adf97c67c241dab4be3b8c9bfee9dc83f7f577795cbcec7903f", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "ODbL 1.0, OpenStreetMap contributors", "locator": "Geographical reference only, not Church’s exact viewpoint" }, "solar": { "title": "NOAA, General Solar Position Calculations", "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/solareqns.PDF", "sha256": "7fa1fdb5f6b5c05ab1ec3ffde92e6fb2d5df98bf1a87055075ae2c3c1240a627", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "US federal technical publication", "locator": "Approximate fractional-year declination and solar zenith equations" }, "rainbow": { "title": "NWS Flagstaff, How Do Rainbows Form?", "url": "https://www.weather.gov/fgz/Rainbow", "sha256": "04ab078c161aaf641d7d785e4f382f113798addf3f8b1bc233a1af96c5c4fed6", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "US federal educational text", "locator": "Primary bow radius, sunlight and water-droplet requirements" }, "sketch-context": { "title": "Cooper Hewitt, Alchemy In Situ (11 March 2013)", "url": "https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2013/03/11/alchemy-in-situ/", "sha256": "8b809ecf899b7437648331ded7f27add03a558625f62a63665850eb7729e0de8", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "Copyright Smithsonian article; research use; no image reproduced", "locator": "March 1856 Goat Island oil sketch; likely studio distillation, not guaranteed field execution" }, "fort-location": { "title": "OpenStreetMap, Old Fort Niagara, way 137364896", "url": "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Old%20Fort%20Niagara%2C%20New%20York&format=json&limit=1", "sha256": "2b43820725c836d715209777d53bad04551913c4a92765b54a188057bce277f1", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-16", "license": "ODbL 1.0, OpenStreetMap contributors", "locator": "Modern fort reference; not the precise historical instrument site" } } }