{
 "slug": "bierstadt-landers-peak",
 "station": {
  "name": "Fort Bridger (U.S. Army post)",
  "id": "MRCC FORTS 483430",
  "lat": 41.31806,
  "lon": -110.39278,
  "elevation_ft": 6677,
  "observer": "Various Army Assistant Surgeons",
  "record": "07/1858 to 09/1890",
  "km_to": {
   "Frémont Peak": 211.0,
   "Temple Peak": 184.0
  },
  "note": "The nearest instrument in 1859, in the same Green River basin; no instrument stood in the Wind River Range."
 },
 "window": {
  "start": "1859-06-24",
  "end": "1859-07-31",
  "basis": "Lander’s main party reached South Pass on 24 June 1859; Bierstadt’s letter is dated from the Wind River Mountains on 10 July; the trip ran from April to October."
 },
 "series": [
  {
   "date": "1859-06-01",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 41.0,
   "t14_f": 61.0,
   "t21_f": 43.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-02",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 46.0,
   "t14_f": 76.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-03",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 53.0,
   "t14_f": 81.0,
   "t21_f": 57.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-04",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 80.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-05",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 60.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-06",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 67.0,
   "t14_f": 77.0,
   "t21_f": 51.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-07",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 56.0,
   "t14_f": 74.0,
   "t21_f": 50.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-08",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 54.0,
   "t14_f": 74.0,
   "t21_f": 55.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-09",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 57.0,
   "t14_f": 75.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-10",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 57.0,
   "t14_f": 81.0,
   "t21_f": 55.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-11",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 80.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-12",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 67.0,
   "t14_f": 77.0,
   "t21_f": 63.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-13",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 59.0,
   "t14_f": 68.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-14",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 53.0,
   "t14_f": 73.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-15",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 61.0,
   "t14_f": 75.0,
   "t21_f": 55.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-16",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 70.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-17",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 75.0,
   "t14_f": 83.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-18",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 73.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 57.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-19",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 73.0,
   "t14_f": 89.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-20",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 74.0,
   "t14_f": 83.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-21",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 79.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-22",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 83.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-23",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 61.0,
   "t14_f": 81.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-24",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 70.0,
   "t14_f": 77.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-25",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 66.0,
   "t14_f": 79.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-26",
   "rain_in": 0.04,
   "t07_f": 55.0,
   "t14_f": 77.0,
   "t21_f": 63.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-27",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-28",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 68.0,
   "t14_f": 81.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-29",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 63.0,
   "t14_f": 90.0,
   "t21_f": 65.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-06-30",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 69.0,
   "t14_f": 87.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-01",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 68.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-02",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 67.0,
   "t14_f": 90.0,
   "t21_f": 67.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-03",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 68.0,
   "t14_f": 88.0,
   "t21_f": 68.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-04",
   "rain_in": 0.03,
   "t07_f": 79.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-05",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 73.0,
   "t14_f": 71.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-06",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 63.0,
   "t14_f": 85.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-07",
   "rain_in": 0.21,
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 87.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-08",
   "rain_in": 0.13,
   "t07_f": 68.0,
   "t14_f": 69.0,
   "t21_f": 52.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-09",
   "rain_in": 0.24,
   "t07_f": 63.0,
   "t14_f": 89.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-10",
   "rain_in": 0.27,
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 67.0,
   "t21_f": 55.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-11",
   "rain_in": 0.03,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 66.0,
   "t21_f": 55.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-12",
   "rain_in": 0.04,
   "t07_f": 59.0,
   "t14_f": 71.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-13",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 69.0,
   "t14_f": 79.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-14",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 66.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-15",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 72.0,
   "t14_f": 84.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-16",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 70.0,
   "t14_f": 80.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-17",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-18",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 74.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-19",
   "rain_in": 0.77,
   "t07_f": 72.0,
   "t14_f": 79.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-20",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 62.0,
   "t14_f": 66.0,
   "t21_f": 64.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-21",
   "rain_in": 0.05,
   "t07_f": 61.0,
   "t14_f": 73.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-22",
   "rain_in": 0.07,
   "t07_f": 64.0,
   "t14_f": 74.0,
   "t21_f": 58.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-23",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 61.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-24",
   "rain_in": 0.06,
   "t07_f": 59.0,
   "t14_f": 60.0,
   "t21_f": 56.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-25",
   "rain_in": 0.02,
   "t07_f": 58.0,
   "t14_f": 69.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-26",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 82.0,
   "t21_f": 63.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-27",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 61.0,
   "t14_f": 79.0,
   "t21_f": 60.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-28",
   "rain_in": 0.04,
   "t07_f": 66.0,
   "t14_f": 68.0,
   "t21_f": 61.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-29",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 66.0,
   "t14_f": 78.0,
   "t21_f": 62.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-30",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 65.0,
   "t14_f": 83.0,
   "t21_f": 66.0
  },
  {
   "date": "1859-07-31",
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "t07_f": 57.0,
   "t14_f": 77.0,
   "t21_f": 59.0
  }
 ],
 "july_1859": {
  "year": 1859,
  "rain_in": 1.96,
  "rain_days": 13,
  "mean_f": 67.8,
  "printed": {
   "fair_days": 14,
   "cloudy_days": 17,
   "rain_days": 13,
   "rain_in": 1.96,
   "source": "Army Meteorological Register, Month of July 1859, Fort Bridger row (p. 441 of the 1860 Statistical Report), read from the scan"
  }
 },
 "june_1859": {
  "year": 1859,
  "rain_in": 0.04,
  "rain_days": 1,
  "mean_f": 66.2
 },
 "wettest_day": {
  "date": "1859-07-19",
  "rain_in": 0.77,
  "t07_f": 72.0,
  "t14_f": 79.0,
  "t21_f": 62.0
 },
 "rain_7_12_july": 0.92,
 "julys": [
  {
   "year": 1858,
   "rain_in": 0.14,
   "rain_days": 4
  },
  {
   "year": 1859,
   "rain_in": 1.96,
   "rain_days": 13,
   "mean_f": 67.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1860,
   "rain_in": 1.8,
   "rain_days": 16,
   "mean_f": 64.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1861,
   "rain_in": 0.36,
   "rain_days": 2,
   "mean_f": 68.3
  },
  {
   "year": 1863,
   "rain_in": 0.6,
   "rain_days": 5,
   "mean_f": 66.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1864,
   "rain_in": 0.2,
   "rain_days": 2,
   "mean_f": 64.4
  },
  {
   "year": 1865,
   "rain_in": 0.83,
   "rain_days": 5,
   "mean_f": 60.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1867,
   "rain_in": 0.18,
   "rain_days": 2,
   "mean_f": 65.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1868,
   "rain_in": 0.62,
   "rain_days": 6
  },
  {
   "year": 1869,
   "rain_in": 0.41,
   "rain_days": 6,
   "mean_f": 65.7
  },
  {
   "year": 1870,
   "rain_in": 0.24,
   "rain_days": 3,
   "mean_f": 67.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1871,
   "rain_in": 1.04,
   "rain_days": 4,
   "mean_f": 66.5
  },
  {
   "year": 1872,
   "rain_in": 0.74,
   "rain_days": 1,
   "mean_f": 62.5
  },
  {
   "year": 1873,
   "rain_in": 0.95,
   "rain_days": 8,
   "mean_f": 66.0
  },
  {
   "year": 1874,
   "rain_in": 1.0,
   "rain_days": 5,
   "mean_f": 67.9
  },
  {
   "year": 1875,
   "rain_in": 0.56,
   "rain_days": 4,
   "mean_f": 62.1
  },
  {
   "year": 1876,
   "rain_in": 0.86,
   "rain_days": 5,
   "mean_f": 66.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1877,
   "rain_in": 0.28,
   "rain_days": 3
  },
  {
   "year": 1881,
   "rain_in": 0.65,
   "rain_days": 5,
   "mean_f": 63.1
  },
  {
   "year": 1882,
   "rain_in": 0.32,
   "rain_days": 9,
   "mean_f": 63.8
  },
  {
   "year": 1883,
   "rain_in": 0.16,
   "rain_days": 1
  },
  {
   "year": 1884,
   "rain_in": 0.5,
   "rain_days": 1,
   "mean_f": 66.3
  },
  {
   "year": 1885,
   "rain_in": 0.22,
   "rain_days": 3
  },
  {
   "year": 1886,
   "rain_in": 0.0,
   "rain_days": 0,
   "mean_f": 72.0
  },
  {
   "year": 1889,
   "rain_in": 0.21,
   "rain_days": 5
  },
  {
   "year": 1890,
   "rain_in": 0.06,
   "rain_days": 4
  }
 ],
 "july_rank": {
  "value": 1,
  "of": 26,
  "next": {
   "year": 1860,
   "rain_in": 1.8
  },
  "note": "Wettest first, among Julys with a rain entry on all 31 days."
 },
 "june_warmth_rank": {
  "value": 1,
  "of": 21,
  "next": {
   "year": 1871,
   "mean_f": 62.9
  },
  "note": "Mean of the 7, 14 and 21 h readings, among Junes with every reading present; not comparable with modern (Tmax + Tmin) / 2 means."
 },
 "reference": {
  "station": "Mountain View, Wyoming (USC00486555)",
  "km_from_fort": 7.4,
  "years": "1991–2020",
  "july_rain_in": 1.1
 },
 "witnesses": {
  "letter": {
   "date": "1859-07-10",
   "place": "Rocky Mountains",
   "signed": "B.",
   "source": "The Crayon, vol. 6 (September 1859), p. 287",
   "clouds": "their jagged summits, covered with snow and mingling with the clouds, present a scene which every lover of landscape would gaze upon with unqualified delight.",
   "leaving": "We are about to turn our faces homeward again, the season being a short one here, and to avoid the fall deluge on the plains, which renders the roads almost impassable."
  },
  "lander": {
   "source": "F. W. Lander, report of 1 March 1860, House Executive Document 64, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 3",
   "arrival": "The main expedition, under my direction, reached the South Pass on the 24th of June.",
   "season": "The season has been an unusual one; the mountain streams swollen by constant rains, and Green river higher than ever known before in the memory of the oldest mountaineers."
  },
  "tuckerman": {
   "source": "Henry T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (New York, 1867), pp. 395–396",
   "sky": "Sky, atmosphere, and foliage, are all, in hue and character, minutely authentic.",
   "peaks": "Far above and away, the snow-clad peaks rising into a pure, blue sky, and flecked with sun-tinted vapor"
  },
  "jarves": {
   "source": "James Jackson Jarves, The Art-Idea (New York, 1866 printing), p. 234",
   "text": "With singular inconsistency of mind they idealize in composition and materialize in execution, so that, though the details of the scenery are substantially correct, the scene as a whole often is false."
  }
 },
 "receipts": {
  "fort-bridger": {
   "title": "Fort Bridger daily register, 1858–1890: NOAA Climate Database Modernization Program, keyed and checked by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
   "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/files/FORTS/Data/DAILYBYSTATE/WY_Fort_Bridger.data.csv",
   "sha256": "c7e99251275e0bc1b6e401f597ff0a86d2048a378b6da040ee923b5d43b9356e",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "NOAA data; MRCC asks to be credited",
   "locator": "station 483430, microfilm reel AE06169"
  },
  "fort-bridger-meta": {
   "title": "Fort Bridger station metadata (MRCC)",
   "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/files/FORTS/Data/DAILYBYSTATE/WY_Fort_Bridger.metadata.csv",
   "sha256": "58c637069bc34fca313c6b39e6f54c8ef6eed6994c35889efc9faa8fb151d582",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "NOAA data; MRCC asks to be credited"
  },
  "army-register": {
   "title": "Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, 1855–1860 (Washington, 1860): Meteorological Register, July 1859",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/101523698.nlm.nih.gov/page/n446.jpg",
   "sha256": "15f7d5f74d75fb49106f9f2b1d20763ab5b937faa570bcfc0e65ac91cd75414a",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "U.S. government work; National Library of Medicine scan",
   "locator": "p. 441, Fort Bridger row"
  },
  "normals": {
   "title": "NOAA NCEI 1991–2020 monthly normals, Mountain View, Wyoming (USC00486555)",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USC00486555.csv",
   "sha256": "b736e2690594214a9ec96125970ba761cadd0fefc114391dc3f4ca5dd083954a",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "U.S. government work"
  },
  "crayon": {
   "title": "The Crayon, vol. 6, September 1859, “Sketchings”",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/jstor-25527949",
   "sha256": "05393689c88998eab884d40ea3e1765b58d1b75f9e93f4a50198d7ec83497ab9",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "1859 text in the public domain; JSTOR Early Journal Content scan",
   "locator": "p. 287, letter dated Rocky Mountains, July 10, 1859"
  },
  "lander": {
   "title": "F. W. Lander and others, Fort Kearney, South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road, report of 1 March 1860 (U.S. Serial Set 1100)",
   "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/SERIALSET-01100_00_00-017-0064-0000/pdf/SERIALSET-01100_00_00-017-0064-0000.pdf",
   "sha256": "3876b95fbd02fee85d7ef416942274bf377848147ec004486425fa02fd0632c5",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "U.S. government work",
   "locator": "p. 3"
  },
  "tuckerman": {
   "title": "Henry T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (1867), p. 396",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/bookofartistsame00tuckerm/page/n411/mode/1up",
   "sha256": "c9fe367b75d6f32abfabe2cc3d51f56e510caa1748d5bf15016a14d91973a443",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive scan"
  },
  "tuckerman-395": {
   "title": "Henry T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (1867), p. 395",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/bookofartistsame00tuckerm/page/n410/mode/1up",
   "sha256": "12552a1981bf2582ce4dbfe3ce09898f05510df02e5c0aa6dbf192ba5fb92d2c",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive scan"
  },
  "jarves": {
   "title": "James Jackson Jarves, The Art-Idea (1866 printing), p. 234",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/artideasculpture00jarv/page/n249/mode/1up",
   "sha256": "56b7b8298426892f1c65df18ab94dbf7fe3a6d38b2e7191f6d65f6b7d4e4efab",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "Public domain; Internet Archive scan"
  },
  "met": {
   "title": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, 07.123 (Open Access record)",
   "url": "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/public/collection/v1/objects/10154",
   "sha256": "becad0be297a732e0956d9f0b982f77ba850511c9797eff9f7d8ab24bccf0541",
   "retrieved_at": "2026-09-29",
   "license": "Public domain image (Met Open Access)"
  }
 }
}